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[[File:以色列1.gif|缩略图|以色列:是位于[[西亚]]的[[主权国家]],坐落于[[地中海]]东南岸及[[红海]][[亚喀巴湾]]北岸,北靠[[黎巴嫩]],东北邻[[叙利亚]],东与[[约旦]]接壤,[[巴勒斯坦领土]]([[巴勒斯坦国]]对其宣称主权,但局部为以色列所控制)的[[约旦河西岸地区]]和[[加沙地带]]各居东西。]] '''以色列国'''(מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל;دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل) 通称'''以色列'''(יִשְׂרָאֵל;إِسْرَائِيل),是位于[[西亚]]的[[主权国家]],坐落于[[地中海]]东南岸及[[红海]][[亚喀巴湾]]北岸,北靠[[黎巴嫩]],东北邻[[叙利亚]],东与[[约旦]]接壤,[[巴勒斯坦领土]]([[巴勒斯坦国]]对其宣称主权,但局部为以色列所控制)的[[约旦河西岸地区]]和[[加沙地带]]各居东西<ref>cite web http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/ |title=Palestinian Territories |publisher=State.gov |date=2008-04-22 |accessdate=2012-12-26</ref>,西南则为[[埃及]]。其领土范围不大,但地形和气候相当多样<ref name="cia">cite https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html |title=Israel |date=2012-11-20 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=2012-12-03</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Skolnik|2007|pp=132–232</ref>。以色列的[[金融中心|金融]]及科技创新中心为[[特拉维夫]]<ref name="lboro.ac.uk">cite |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008 |work=Globalization and World Cities Research Network |accessdate=2009-03-01 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html</ref>,而[[耶路撒冷]]则为其法定首都(美国承认)、各政府机构所在地(国防部除外)及其辖下的[[以色列城市列表|第一大城市]](特拉维夫都会圈人口最多)。 以色列对耶路撒冷的主权在国际上有争议<ref>cite https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm |title=''Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel'' |publisher=Knesset.gov.il |accessdate=2013-10-14</ref>。美国东岸时间2017年12月6日下午1时,特朗普正式在白宫外交厅宣布美国承认耶路撒冷为以色列首都<ref>Cite |url=http://news.163.com/17/1207/05/D51G24OI0001899N.html?baike|title=特朗普宣布耶路撒冷为以色列首都 演讲全文公布|accessdate=2017-12-07|last=网易|work=news.163.com</ref>。 [[File:耶路撒冷2.jpg|缩略图|左|美丽的耶路撒冷希伯来大学风光。]] 1947年11月29日,[[联合国大会]]建议在[[巴勒斯坦托管地]]推行[[联合国大会181号决议|分治方案]]。这一方案规定了新的阿拉伯和犹太国家的国界,并指定[[耶路撒冷独立个体|耶路撒冷及其周边地区]]将为联合国进行国际管理<ref>cite book|last1=Galnoor|first1=Itzhak|title=The Partition of Palestine: Decision Crossroads in the Zionist Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvUNlwD9cd0C&pg=PA289|publisher=SUNY Press, 1995|accessdate=2015-01-26|ref=page 289</ref><ref name="Harris">Harris, J. (1998) [http://jtr.lib.virginia.edu/the-israeli-declaration-of-independence-a-camel-is-a-horse-produced-by-a-committee/ The Israeli Declaration of Independence] ''The Journal of the Society for Textual Reasoning'', Vol. 7</ref>。英国托管巴勒斯坦 (法律文书)|British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|英国对巴勒斯坦的托管定于1948年5月14日午夜终止。 同日,[[世界犹太复国主义组织]]及[[犹太援以协会]]主席[[戴维·本-古里安]][[以色列独立宣言|宣告]]“犹太国家在[[以色列家园]]建立,称为以色列国”,将于托管期结束之日起开始运作<ref>cite http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |date=1948-05-14 |accessdate=2012-04-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.org/20120321213130/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Declaration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel.htm |archivedate=2012-03-21 </ref><ref>cite book|last1=Brenner|first1=Michael| last2=Frisch|first2=Shelley|title=Zionism: A Brief History|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|date=April 2003|page=184</ref><ref>cite http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/Zionist+Leaders-+David+Ben-Gurion.htm|title=Zionist Leaders: David Ben-Gurion 1886–1973|accessdate=2011-07-13|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref>。宣言未规定新国家的国界<ref name="Harris"/><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel] archive|https://web.archive.org/web/20170317223538/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |date=2017-03-17 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref>。建国次日,邻近的阿拉伯国家便集结了军队[[第一次中东战争|保护]]前巴勒斯坦托管地,与以色列军队交战<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/arab-israeli-war The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 (US Department of State, Office of the Historian)]"Arab forces joining the Palestinian Arabs in attacking territory in the former Palestinian mandate."</ref><ref>[[Yoav Gelber]], ''Palestine 1948'', 2006 — Chap.8 "The Arab Regular Armies' Invasion of Palestine".</ref>。 此后,以色列与阿拉伯邻国[[阿以衝突|多次发生衝突]]<ref name=RoutledgeAtlas>Harvnb|Gilbert|2005|p=1</ref>,并在这一过程中控制了约旦河西岸地区、[[西奈半岛]](1956–57、1967–82)、{{le|南黎巴嫩|Southern Lebanon}}局部地区(1982–2000)、加萨走廊(1967–2005;在2005年撤退后仍被视为占领)和[[戈兰高地]]。以色列将其法律管辖范围拓展至戈兰高地和[[东耶路撒冷]],但未及约旦河西岸<ref>cite book|title=The Question of Palestine & the United Nations|publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information|chapter=The status of Jerusalem|chapterhttp://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|quote=East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.|postscript=.</ref><ref name="Olmertquote">cite news http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4856762.stm |title=Analysis: Kadima's big plans |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2010-10-10 |date=2006-03-29</ref><ref name="HomelandSecurityBorders">cite http://www.hstoday.us/index.php?id=483&cHash=081010&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=873 |title=Israel’s Hard-Learned Lessons |last1=Kessner |first1=BC |date=2006-04-02 |publisher=Homeland Security Today |accessdate=2012-04-26</ref><ref name="TelAvivNotes">cite http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=203 |title=The Legacy of Undefined Borders |last=Kumaraswamy |first=P. R. |date=2002-06-05 |publisher=Tel Aviv Notes |accessdate=2013-03-25</ref>。国际社会调解[[以巴衝突]],至今仍未达成和平,但以色列和埃及及约旦已经分别签署和平条约。 根据[[以色列中央统计局]]数据,[[以色列人口]]达到852万,为世界唯一的犹太人占多数国家,其中74.8%为犹太裔以色列人犹太裔,20.8%为[[阿拉伯裔以色列人|阿拉伯裔]],人数达177万(包括德鲁兹派和多数东耶路撒冷阿拉伯人)<ref name="cbsmonth">cite web http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications15/yarhon0115/pdf/b1.pdf |title=Monthly Bulletin of Statistics for Population |date=2013-08-07 |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cn.timesofisrael.com/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD68%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4-%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%80%BB%E6%95%B0%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E5%8D%81%E5%80%8D%E8%BE%BE850%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA/|title=以色列建国68周年 人口总数增长十倍达850万人|newspaper=以色列时报|accessdate=2017-04-10|language=zh-CN</ref><ref name="population_stat">cite https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/newpop.html |title=Latest Population Statistics for Israel |date=April 2013 |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=2013-04-21</ref>。绝大多数阿拉伯裔以色列人为定居的逊尼派穆斯林,少数为半定居的内盖夫贝都因人|Negev Bedouin}};其余则为基督徒和[[德鲁兹派]]。 其他少数族裔包括[[马龙尼礼教会|马龙派]]、[[撒马利亚人]]、[[多姆人]]和[[罗姆人]]、非裔希伯来以色列人|Black Hebrew Israelites、其他[[撒哈拉以南非洲|撒哈拉以南非洲人]]<ref>cite news |title=The Black Hebrews of Israel |first=Stephanie |last=Rice http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/israel-and-palestine/090430/israels-black-hebrews |newspaper=GlobalPost |date=2009-05-04 |accessdate=2012-08-12</ref>、[[亚美尼亚人]]、[[以色列的切尔克斯人|切尔克斯人]]、[[越南船民]]等。以色列亦有一定数量的来自非洲和亚洲的外国劳工和政治庇护者。 依根据《以色列基本法|Basic Laws of Israel》,以色列为“犹太和民主国家|Jewish and democratic state”<ref name=freedomhouse2008>cite http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/israel |work=Freedom in the World |title=Israel |publisher=Freedom House |year=2008 |accessdate=2012-03-20</ref>。以色列为[[代议民主制|代议民主制国家]]<ref name="Norton2001">cite book|author=Augustus Richard Norton|title=Civil society in the Middle East. 2 (2001)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k61qG1OlLl4C&pg=PA193|year=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10469-0|page=193</ref>,采用议会制、[[比例代表制]]和[[普遍选举|普遍选举制]]<ref>Harvard citation no brackets|Rummel|1997|p=257. "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina, ... , Cyprus, ... , Israel, ..."</ref><ref>cite |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/global-survey-2006-middle-east-progress-amid-global-gains-freedom |title=Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom |accessdate=2012-03-20 |date=2005-12-19 |publisher=Freedom House</ref>。 [[以色列总理|总理]]为政府首脑,[[议会 (以色列)|议会]]为立法机关。以色列为一[[发达国家]],[[经济合作与发展组织]]成员国<ref name="OECD">cite http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |title=Israel's accession to the OECD |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |accessdate=2012-08-12</ref>,2014年其名义国内生产总值为[[各国国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率)|世界第37大]]。该国具有较高水平的劳动力,为全球教育程度最高的国家之一,其公民拥有高等教育学历的比例亦为世界最高之一<ref name="Andreas Schleicher 2013">cite http://www.oecd.org/edu/Israel_EAG2013%20Country%20Note.pdf |title=ISRAEL – Education at a Glance 2013 |publisher=OECD |date=2013 |accessdate=2015-07-04 |author=Andreas Schleicher</ref><ref name="LIDAR GRAVE-LAZI">cite http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/OECD-report-Israel-has-large-expenditure-on-education-but-lower-spending-per-student-374851 |title=OECD report: Israel has large expenditure on education but lower spending per student |work=Jerusalem Post |date=2014-09-09 |accessdate=2015-07-04 |author=LIDAR GRAVE-LAZI</ref>。 其生活水平为[[人类发展指数列表#中东与北非|中东最高]]和[[人类发展指数列表#亚洲|亚洲第四高]]<ref>cite http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi-table|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|title=Human development index (HDI)|accessdate=2014-08-01</ref><ref name="gallup.com">cite http://www.gallup.com/poll/166211/worldwide-median-household-income-000.aspx|title=Worldwide, Median Household Income About $10,000|publisher=Gallup</ref><ref>cite http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115 |title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices |publisher=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD |date=2012 |accessdate=2015-02-20</ref>,其人口预期寿命亦居[[各国人口预期寿命列表|世界前列]]<ref>cite news http://www.haaretz.com/news/who-life-expectancy-in-israel-among-highest-in-the-world-1.276618 |title=WHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2009-05-24</ref>。
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