檢視哈本·吉爾瑪的原始碼

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! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> '''哈本·吉尔玛 Haben Girma''' </p>

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'''哈本·吉尔玛'''（Haben Girma）（生于1988年7月29日） 是美国残疾人权利倡导者，也是[[哈佛法学院]]的第一位[[盲聾|盲聋]]学生。 <ref name="aba-spotlight">{{Cite web|title=Haben Girma – The Journey from Self-Advocate to Legal Advocate to Educator|url=http://www.americanbar.org/groups/disabilityrights/initiatives_awards/spotlight/girma_h.html|access-date=April 21, 2017|work=[[American Bar Association]]}}</ref>

== 早年生活和教育 ==
吉尔玛于1988年出生于[[奥克兰 (加利福尼亚州)|加利福尼亚州的奥克兰]]的一个厄立特里亚移民家庭。她的父亲吉尔玛·基丹娜·阿迪（Girma Kidane Adgoy）出生在埃塞俄比亚的亚的斯亚贝巴（Addis Ababa），母亲萨巴·吉布列耶苏（Saba Gebreyesus）出生在厄立特里亚的阿斯梅拉（Asmera）。 <ref name="month">{{Cite web|title=Deaf Person of the Month|url=https://www.deafpeople.com/dp_of_month/HabenGirma.html|access-date=16 May 2020|work=www.deafpeople.com}}</ref> <ref name="AIM">{{Cite web|title=Eritrea: Haben’s First Book|url=https://asmarino.com/alewana/5189-eritrea-haben-s-first-book|access-date=16 May 2020|work=[AIM] Asmarino Independent Media|language=en-gb}}</ref>她的母亲[[厄立特里亚独立战争|于1983年厄立特里亚独立战争]]和埃塞俄比亚内战期间与其他许多埃塞俄比亚/厄立特里亚难民[[厄立特里亚|一起逃往厄立特里亚。]]她的母亲遇到了她的父亲，父亲是厄立特里亚人，在加利福尼亚州的亚的斯长大。  哈本的父母精通3种语言；提格里尼亚语，阿姆哈拉语和英语。

由于在幼儿时期开始的一种未知的进行性疾病，吉尔玛失去了视力和听力。 她保留了1%的视力。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is "Worthy"? Deaf-Blind People Fear That Doctors Won’t Save Them from the Coronavirus|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/who-is-worthy-deaf-blind-people-fear-that-doctors-wont-save-them-from-the-coronavirus|access-date=16 May 2020|author=Wright|first=Robin|work=The New Yorker|language=en}}</ref>

在美国成长的吉尔玛得益于民权法，包括《[[美国残疾人法案|美国残疾人法案》]] 。 她还拥有无障碍技术，例如[[盲文显示机]]——她的哥哥墨西盖布雷（Mussie Gebre）也是盲聋人，但在厄立特里亚却无法使用无障碍。 她于2006年毕业于主流公立学校奥克兰地平线高中<ref name="Lighthouse">{{Cite web|title=Haben's Story|url=https://www.lighthouseguild.org/about-us/impact-stories/habens-story/|access-date=16 May 2020|work=Lighthouse Guild}}</ref>

15岁的时候，吉尔玛去马里做志愿者，和非营利组织 buildOn 一起建学校。<ref name="wunc-1nov2013">{{Cite news|author=Stasio|first=Frank|author2=Campbell|first2=Nicole|title=First Deaf-Blind Student At Harvard Law Pursues Dreams|url=http://wunc.org/post/first-deaf-blind-student-harvard-law-pursues-dreams|accessdate=April 21, 2017|work=[[WUNC (FM)|WUNC]]|date=November 1, 2013}}</ref>

吉尔玛（Girma）就读于刘易斯与克拉克学院（Lewis＆Clark College） ，在那里她成功倡导了她在学校食堂便利的合法权利。 <ref name="hls-1jul2013">{{Cite web|title=Launching a career at the intersection of law, education and civil rights|url=https://today.law.harvard.edu/haben-girma-13-launching-a-career-at-the-intersection-of-law-education-and-civil-rights/|access-date=April 21, 2017|author=Bacon|date=July 1, 2013|first=Katie|work=Harvard Law School}}</ref>她于2010年以[[拉丁文學位榮譽|拉丁文学位荣誉]]毕业于刘易斯＆克拉克学院。<ref name="wapo-21apr2017">{{Cite news|author=Starrs|first=Jenny|title=VIDEO: Deaf-blind Harvard-trained lawyer who made waves now rides them, too|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/04/video-deaf-blind-harvard-trained-lawyer-who-made-waves-now-rides-them-too/|accessdate=April 21, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 4, 2016}}</ref>然后，她成为第一个进入哈佛大学法学院的盲聋学生，并于2013年获得法学博士学位。 

== 职业 ==
2013年，吉尔玛作为[[世达律师事务所|世达]]研究员加入了加州伯克利的残疾人权利倡导会(DRA)。从2015年到2016年，她作为正式律师在那里工作，为残疾人服务。 <ref name="dra">{{Cite web|title=Haben Girma &#124; Disability Rights Advocates|url=http://dralegal.org/staff-members/haben-girma/|access-date=July 28, 2016|publisher=Disability Rights Advocates}}</ref> <ref name="aba-spotlight">{{Cite web|title=Haben Girma – The Journey from Self-Advocate to Legal Advocate to Educator|url=http://www.americanbar.org/groups/disabilityrights/initiatives_awards/spotlight/girma_h.html|access-date=April 21, 2017|work=[[American Bar Association]]}}</ref>

Girma说，她成为律师的部分目的是帮助增加残疾人对书籍和其他数字信息的访问。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=An in-depth chat with Harvard Law's first deaf-blind graduate|url=http://ayibamagazine.com/becoming-champion-change-haben-girma/|access-date=July 28, 2016|author=Ochieng|date=July 20, 2015|first=Akinyi|work=Ayiba Magazine}}</ref>她现在致力于改变世界各地对残疾的态度，包括开发无障碍数字服务：“数字信息既是一是零……可以将其转换为任何格式。那些开发这些服务的人——程序员，技术设计师——他们具有令人难以置信的力量，可以增加残疾人的获得服务的机会。我希望他们使用它。” 

2014年7月，在为达尔富尔地区管理局工作期间，哈本代表全国盲人联合会和一名佛蒙特州盲人居民参与了一项针对 Scribd 公司的诉讼，据称该公司违反《美国残疾人法》 ，未能为盲人读者提供访问服务。<ref name="bus-20aug2014">{{Cite news|author=Adwar|first=Corey|title=26-Year-Old Deaf-Blind Lawyer Sues Scribd For Alleged Discrimination|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/haben-girma-sues-scribd-2014-8|accessdate=April 21, 2017|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=August 20, 2014}}</ref> Scribd 提出驳回，辩称《美国残疾人法案》(ADA)只适用于物理位置。 2015年3月，美国佛蒙特州地方法院裁定 ADA 也涵盖了在线业务。 达成了一项和解协议，Scribd 同意在2017年底前向盲人读者提供内容。<ref name="dra-14jul2016">{{Cite web|title=National Federation of the Blind, et al. v. Scribd, Inc.|url=http://dralegal.org/case/national-federation-of-the-blind-et-al-v-scribd-inc/|access-date=April 21, 2017|date=July 14, 2016|work=Disability Rights Advocates}}</ref>

2014年，吉尔玛在 TEDx巴尔的摩 做了一个演讲。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why I work to remove access barriers for students with disabilities &#124; Haben Girma  &#124; TEDxBaltimore|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mvoj-ku8zk0|access-date=July 28, 2016|author=TEDx Talks|date=February 28, 2014|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> 她质问 TED 没有为他们录制的所有 TEDx 演讲提供字幕，包括她自己的。<ref name="beast-5nov2014">{{Cite web|title=TEDx Talks Have a Disability Problem—but This Incredible Young Woman Is Working to Change That|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/05/tedx-talks-have-a-disability-problem-but-this-incredible-young-woman-is-working-to-change-that.html|access-date=April 21, 2017|author=Strochlic|date=November 5, 2014|first=Nina|work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref>

2015年1月，吉尔玛被任命为海伦·凯勒盲人服务机构的[[董事会|国家董事会成员]]。 <ref name="dailycal-26jan2015">{{Cite news|author=Jiang|first=Amy|title=Deaf, blind Berkeley resident appointed to national organization's board of trustees|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/01/26/deaf-blind-berkeley-resident-appointed-national-organizations-board-trustees/|accessdate=April 21, 2017|work=[[The Daily Californian]]|date=January 26, 2015}}</ref>

2015年7月20日，吉尔玛在白宫与美国总统巴拉克 · 奥巴马见面，强调了无障碍技术的重要性。 她在《美国残疾人法案》颁布25周年之际作了介绍性发言。<ref name="youtube-20nov2015">{{Cite web|title=Presidential Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act (C-SPAN)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61HzFPs2LXQ|access-date=April 21, 2017|author=Girma|date=November 20, 2015|first=Haben|work=YouTube}}</ref>

2016年4月，吉尔玛离开DRA担任全职非诉讼辩护。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing a Career Change|url=https://habengirma.com/2016/04/25/announcing-a-career-change/|access-date=April 21, 2017|author=Girma|date=April 25, 2016|first=Haben|work=Haben Girma}}</ref>

2016年6月，吉尔马在苹果全球开发者大会上做了一个关于无障碍设计的演讲。<ref name="wwdc-2016">{{Cite web|title=Disability and Innovation: The Universal Benefits of Accessible Design|url=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2016/104/|access-date=April 21, 2017|date=2016|work=Apple Developer|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref><ref name="cnn-11jul2016">{{Cite news|author=Kelly|first=Heather|title=This deaf-blind lawyer thinks your app needs work|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/07/11/technology/haben-girma-apple-accessibility/|accessdate=April 21, 2017|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 11, 2016}}</ref>

2018年，《[[华盛顿邮报|华盛顿邮报》]]发表了一篇由吉尔玛（Girma）撰写的针对[[德州教育部|德克萨斯州教育委员会]]的专栏文章，该选票投票决定将[[海倫·凱勒|海伦·凯勒]]（Helen Keller）从社会研究课程中删除。董事会最终撤销了其决定。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hey, Texas. Students need to learn about Helen Keller. Don't remove her.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/hey-texas-students-need-to-learn-about-helen-keller-dont-remove-her/2018/09/19/e8b85d3a-bb76-11e8-bdc0-90f81cc58c5d_story.html|access-date=26 October 2019|author=Girma|date=19 September 2018|first=Haben|work=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas students will learn about Helen Keller, Hillary Clinton, afterall|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/14/us/texas-curriculum-hillary-clinton-helen-keller-trnd/index.html|access-date=26 October 2019|author=Boyette|first=Chris|work=CNN}}</ref>

2019年8月，她出版了回忆录《哈本·吉尔玛：征服哈佛法学院的盲聋女性》 。 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/deafblind-trailblazer-haben-girma-has-a-vision-of-inclusion-11564761224|title=Haben Girma Is a Trailblazer for the Deaf and Blind|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=August 2, 2019|first=Emily|author=Bobrow|accessdate=September 18, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/books/review/new-this-week.html|title=New & Noteworthy, From Prince Albert to a Bird's-Eye View of the Apocalypse|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 6, 2019|accessdate=September 18, 2019}}</ref>

== 个人生活 ==
吉尔玛喜欢参加体育活动，包括冲浪，攀岩，皮划艇，骑自行车和跳舞。 <ref name="wapo-21apr2017">{{Cite news|author=Starrs|first=Jenny|title=VIDEO: Deaf-blind Harvard-trained lawyer who made waves now rides them, too|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/04/video-deaf-blind-harvard-trained-lawyer-who-made-waves-now-rides-them-too/|accessdate=April 21, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 4, 2016}}</ref> 

吉尔玛使用导盲犬的帮助。 2009年，The Seeing Eye 帮助她与第一只导盲犬玛克辛匹配。 2018年玛克辛去世后，她收养了另一只导盲犬，德国牧羊犬米洛。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disability Rights Advocate and LSC Alum Haben Girma on making her way in the world with help from her guide dog|url=https://blogs.harvard.edu/clinicalprobono/2019/09/10/disability-rights-advocate-and-lsc-alum-haben-girma-on-making-her-way-in-the-world-with-help-from-her-guide-dog/|access-date=16 May 2020|date=10 September 2019|work=Clinical and Pro Bono Programs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide dogs don’t lead blind people. We wander as one.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/guide-dogs-dont-lead-blind-people-we-wander-as-one/2019/08/07/0be20cf2-b545-11e9-951e-de024209545d_story.html|access-date=16 May 2020|author=Girma|first=Haben|work=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref>

== 奖项与认可 ==

* 2013年–被奥巴马政府认可为变革冠军（Champion of Change）<ref name="whitehouse1">{{Cite web|title=Haben girma &#124; The White House|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/champions/educational-excellence-for-african-americans/haben-girma|access-date=April 20, 2017|date=January 4, 2016|publisher=[[Whitehouse.gov]]}}</ref>
* 2016年–[[福布斯30位30歲以下精英榜|福布斯30 位30岁以下精英榜]]，法律与政策<ref name="forbes-30under30-2016">{{Cite web|title=Meet The 30 Under 30: Law & Policy|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-2016/law-policy/|access-date=April 21, 2017|date=2016|work=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]}}</ref>
* 2017年-吉尔玛被《新非洲》杂志评为2017年最具影响力的非洲人100强<ref>{{Cite web|title=100 Most Influential Africans: Ten Kenyans Including CJ David Maraga Listed|url=https://answersafrica.com/100-most-influential-africans-list.html|access-date=2021-01-15|date=2017-12-07|work=Answers Africa|language=en-US}}</ref>

== 参考资料 ==
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== 外部链接 ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3o_SoareHuQ&list=PLBBDS8qrLKP8020a985uKonycV23NV5tT 视频：哈本·吉尔玛（Haben Girma）在2017年美国博物馆联盟年会和MuseumExpo上发表演讲]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mvoj-ku8zk0 为什么我要努力消除残疾学生的访问障碍| Haben Girma | TEDx巴尔的摩]

[[Category:美國人]]