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残余应力

残余应力是指固体材料在产生应力的主要来源去除之后，材料中仍存在的应力。残余应力可能是希望出现的特性，也可能是不希望出现的特性。例如激光强化就可以在金属材料（如发动机风扇叶片）加入很深，且对应用有益的压缩应力，也用在强化玻璃上，可以做为智能手机的玻璃显示幕，又大又薄，且有抗裂和抗划伤等性质。不过在结构中不希望出现的残余应力可能会使结构提早失效。
产生残余应力的机制有许多种，包括非弹性（塑性）变形、（温度循环下的）温度梯度或是结构变化（相变）。像焊接产生的热会造成局部的膨胀，可能是因为熔化的焊料，或是被焊接的工件。当焊件冷却后，有些部分可能会比其他部分冷却的更快，就会造成残余应力。像半导体器件制造及微机电系统也可能会造成残余应力[1]，不同热力质特性和结晶特性的薄膜材料在不同的制程条件下沉积时，就可能会有残余应力。薄膜材料堆叠的应力变化非常复杂，可能有些层是压缩应力，有些层就变成伸张应力。

参考资料

Schiavone, G.; Murray, J.; Smith, S.; Desmulliez, M. P. Y.; Mount, A. R.; Walton, A. J. A wafer mapping technique for residual stress in surface micromachined films. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 2016-01-01, 26 (9): 095013. Bibcode:2016JMiMi..26i5013S. ISSN 0960-1317. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/26/9/095013 可免费查阅 （英语）.

延伸阅读

Hosford, William F. 2005. "Residual Stresses." In Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 308–321. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84670-7 Cary, Howard B. and Scott C. Helzer (2005). Modern Welding Technology. Upper Saddle River, 新泽西州: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-113029-3. Schajer, Gary S. 2013. Practical Residual Stress Measurement Methods. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34237-4 Kehl, J.-H., Drafz, R., Pape, F. and Poll, G. 2016. Simulative investigations of the influence of surface indentations on residual stresses on inner raceways for roller element bearings, International Conference on Residual Stresses 2016 (Sydney), DOI: 10.21741/9781945291173-69

外部链接

Energy-saving technology and computerized equipment for vibration stabilization of residual stress (the only CIS 35-year-old Scientific School, who presented in 1988, the world's first installation of computer diagnostics) are intended to stabilize the residual stresses in welds, castings and other non-rigid dynamic metal Comprehensive resources on Residual stresses at Cambridge University