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不規則動詞,英語動詞按其過去式過去分詞的構成方式可分為規則動詞和不規則動詞。規則動詞的過去式和過去分詞由詞尾加-ed構成,結尾是e時,只加d,結尾是y時,將y改為ied。而不規則動詞的變化因詞而異。[1]

不規則動詞

目錄

定義

英語單詞中由動詞原形轉變為過去式和過去分詞時不按詞尾加"-ed"之變化規則者叫做不規則動詞(irregular verbs)。

現代英語新生成的動詞都歸入"-ed"的規則變化,例如:

park→parked (停車--1864) [2]

fax→faxed (以傳真傳送--1979)

e-mail→e-mailed (以電腦網絡傳送--1982)

(所附年次為最早用例出現年次--O.E.D.)

因此,不規則動詞可以說都是古英語動詞的不規則變化因其常用度很高而一直沿用到今天者,所以我們今天在學習英語時絕對無法規避,也不可能規避這些不規則動詞。

從英語的演變來看,不規則動詞就是強勢動詞(strong verbs)--即其詞形變化全依其本身之語音(尤其是元音)變化來進行而不藉助詞尾的變化。例如:

原形

過去式 過去分詞 buy(買) bought bought sing(唱) sang sung speak(講) spoke spoken 我們學習不規則動詞的時候,最有效的方法就是要針對這種詞形變化的現象,了解其變化的型式,發出聲音背念,使其能自然地融入我們的speaking和writing,這樣才能說確實地把不規則動詞學會了。

注:與強勢動詞相對,須藉助"-ed"之詞尾來進行詞形變化的規則動詞就叫做弱勢動詞(weak verbs)。

識記方法

(1)原形、過去式、過去分詞相同(A-A-A型):

cast/cost/cut/hit/hurt/let/put/broadcast/burst/read/red/set/shut/spread/thrust/upset

(2)原形、過去式相同,過去分詞不同(A-A-B型):

beat/beat/beaten

(3)原形、過去分詞相同,過去式不同(A-B-A型):

come/came/come become/became/become

run/ran/run overcome/overcame/overcome

(4)原形不同,過去式,過去分詞相同(A-B-B):

1.在動詞原形後加一個輔動詞d或t構成過去式或過去分詞。

2.把動詞原形的最後一個輔音字母"d"改為"t"構成過去式或過去分詞。

3.其他

feel/felt/felt sleep/slept/slept

leave/left/left smell/smelt/smelt

keep/kept/kept creep/crept/crept

kneel/knelt/knelt sweep/swept/swept

spell/spelt/spelt weep/wept/wept

catch/caught/caught fight/fought/fought

teach/taught/taught think/thought/thought

stand/stood/stood lay/laid/laid

understand/understood/understood pay/paid/paid

bleed/bled/bled say/said/said

feed/fed/fed stick/stuck/stuck

lead/led/led strike/struck/struck

meet/met/met tell/told/told

learn/learnt/learnt sell/sold/sold

learn/learned/learned win/won/won

burn/burnt/burnt wind/wound/wound

burn/burned/burned have(has)/had/had

deal/dealt/dealt hear/heard/heard

mean/meant/meant lean/leant/leant

dream/dreamt/dreamt lean/ leaned/leaned

bend/bent/bent shine/shone/shone

build/built/built shoot/shot/shot

lend/lent/lent show/showed/shown,

spend/spent/spent show/showed//showed

flee/fled/fled sit/sat/sat

speed/sped/sped lose/lost/lost

speed/speeded/speeded dig/dug/dug

spit/spit/spit hold/held/held

spit/spat/spat get/got/got(AmE gotten)

bring/brought/brought find/found/found

light/lit/lit make/made/made

light/lighted/lighted buy/bought/bought

(5)現在式,過去式,過去分詞都不同(A-B-C型):

1.在動詞原形後加-n或-en構成過去分詞。

2.過去式加-n或-en構成過去分詞。

3.變單詞在重讀音節中的的元音字母"i"分別為"a"(過去式)"u"(過去分詞)。

drive/drove/driven blow/blew/blown

rise/rose/risen fly/flew/flown

wake woke/woken grow/grew/grown

do/did/done know/knew/known

go/went/gone throw/threw/thrown

see/saw/seen prove/proved/proven

eat/ate/eaten break/broke/broken

fall/fell/fallen choose/chose/chosen

give/gave/given freeze/froze/frozen

shake/shook/shaken speak/spoke/spoken

take/took/taken steal/stole/stolen

mistake/mistook/mistaken weave/wove/woven

forbid/forbad/forbidden begin/began/begun

forget/forgot/forgotten drink/drank/drunk

ride/rode/ridden ring/rang/rung

hide/hid/hidden sing/sang/sung

write/wrote/written sink/sank/sunk

wear/wore/worn swim/swam/swum

(6)相同動詞因其過去式、過去分詞有兩形式而產生不同詞義:

speed過去式、過去分詞有兩種:

sped/sped快行 speeded/speeded加速

light過去式,過去分詞有兩種:

lit/lit點着(表語) lighted/lighted供電,點燃的(定語)

shine過去式、過去分詞有兩種:

shone/shone/照耀 shined/shined擦亮

hang過去式、過去分詞有兩種:

hung/hung懸掛 hanged/hanged絞死

(7)drunken,stricken,sunken已轉為形容詞常作定語

a~ sot酒鬼 in a~manner搖搖晃晃地

(8)lie躺臥lay/lain/lying(現在分詞)

lie撒謊 lied/lied/lying

lay放,下蛋laid/laid/laying

(9)come,become,overcome屬不規則變化,但welcome屬規則動詞,其過去式、過去分詞為:welcomed,welcomed

(10)fly,blow不是規則變化,但flow(流)是規則變化,過去式、過去分詞為flowed,flowed.

(11) find發現 found found

found創建 founded founded

wind繞 wound wound

wound傷害 wounded wounded

see看見 saw seen

saw鋸 sawed sawed

bear作"出生", 過去分詞有兩種:born,borne,

borne用於have之後及帶有by的被動句中;

born用於be born in/on/at中。

作"出生",以外意義,其形式為bear/bore/borne忍受。

參考來源