分詞
分詞，就是具有動詞及形容詞二者特徵的詞，尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n結尾的英語動詞性形容詞，具有形容詞功能，同時又表現各種動詞性特點，如時態、語態、帶狀語性修飾語的性能及帶賓詞的性能。分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞兩種，是一種非謂語動詞形式。
| 分詞 | |
|---|---|
現在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在於:現在分詞表示"主動和進行"，過去分詞表示"被動和完成"(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動，只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。[1]
目錄
分詞的類型
分詞的時態和語態
主動式 [2]
被動式
一般式
doing
done
完成式
having done
having been done
作狀語
分詞在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結果、讓步、方式、伴隨等。
分詞(短語)作狀語時，其邏輯主語應與句中主語相一致。.當現在分詞表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前時, 則用現在分詞的完成式,當所表示動作與謂語動作同時發生, 則用現在分詞的一般式。完成或被動關係用過去分詞。
(1)現在分詞The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
(2)過去分詞Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
"while ( when, once, until, if , though等從屬連詞)+分詞"結構
現在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時，有時可以在分詞前加while，when, once, although, until, if等從屬連詞。
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although workingvery hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
作定語
分詞作定語時，具有形容詞的性質。單個的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語作定語，置於被修飾詞的後面。現在分詞表示主動、進行意義，及物動詞的過去分詞作定語表示被動、完成意義，不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語只表示完成意義。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. This is really an exhausting day to all of us! We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
作賓語補足語
現在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官動詞和look at, listen to等短語動詞以及使役動詞have後面，與名詞或代詞構成複合賓語，作賓語補語的成分，有三種形式，即動詞原形，現在分詞和過去分詞。
動詞原形表示主動和完成，現在分詞表示主動或正在進行，過去分詞表示被動或完成。
作表語
分詞作表語通常看作形容詞來用。現在分詞表示主語的性質，特徵;過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態，主語多為人。
例:The situation is encouraging.
The theory sounds quite convincing.
現在分詞
做表語
He was very amusing. That book was rather boring. 很多動詞的現在分詞都可以作表語:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
作定語
上面所出現的現在分詞都可以用作定語, 修飾一個名詞:
That must have been a terrifying experience. I found him a charming person. 現在分詞短語還可以放在名詞的後面修飾名詞, 相當於一個定語從句:
There are a few boys swimming in the river. There is a car waiting outside.
作狀語
現在分詞短語可以表示一個同時發生的次要的或伴隨的動作:
Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain. Opening the drawer, he took out a box. Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 現在分詞短語還可以表示原因, 相當於一個原因狀語從句:
Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her. Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money. 現在分詞短語還可以表示時間, 相當於一個時間狀語從句:
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Returning home, he began to do his homework. Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. Be careful when crossing the road. Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. Having finished her work, she went home.
作賓補
現在分詞在一些動詞之後可以做賓語的補語:
例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.
I see him passing my house every day. I caught him stealing things in that shop. I smelt something burning. She kept him working all day.
過去分詞
作表語
We were so bored that we couldn't help yawning. She felt confused, and even frightened. They were very pleased with the girl. I'm satisfied with your answer. He is not interested in research.
作定語
She has a pleased look on her face. The teacher gave us a satisfied smile. cooked food a written report fried eggs boiled water frozen food armed forces required courses fallen leaves finished products a forced smile the risen sun new arrived visitors What's the language spoken in that country? They're problems left by the history The play put on by the teachers was a big success. Is there anybody injured? Do you know the number of books ordered?
作狀語
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year. They came in, followed by some children. Depressed, he went to see his elder sister. When treated with kindness, he was very amiable.
作賓補
過去分詞也同樣可以作賓語的補語， 接在某些動詞後面
I will have the clothes washed tomorrow. When they get back home, they found the room robbed.
鞏固練習
( ) 1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go.
A. Having compared B. To compare C. Compared D. Compare
( ) 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ .
A. playing, exciting B. played, excited C. playing, excited D. played, exciting
( ) 3. __________ against the coming hurricane, they didn't dare leave home.
A. Warned B. Having warned C. To warn D. Warn
( ) 4. In __________ countries, you can't always make yourself _______ by speaking English.
A. English-speaking, understand B. English-spoken, understand
C. English-speaking, understood D. English-spoken, understood
( )5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold.
A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught
C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch
( ) 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it.
A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer
C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer
( ) 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary.
A. Having not known B. Not to know C. Don't know D. Not knowing
( ) 8. As his parent, you shouldn't have your child ___________ such a book.
A. read B. to read C. reading D. be reading
( ) 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill.
A. heard B. having been heard C. having phoned D. having been phoned
答案:
1. C; 2. D; 3. A; 4. C; 5. C; 6. B; 7. D; 8. A; 9. D
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