拉科塔语
简介
拉科塔语,属于苏语系西苏语族 ,被联合国教科文组织认定的濒危语言:极度危险。
拉科塔语是苏族语变体之一,和其他苏语变体互通,但一般被视为独立的语言。
- 母语国家和地区:美国、加拿大。
- 区域:主要在北达科他州和南达科他州;内布拉斯加州北部、明尼苏达州南部和蒙大拿州北部亦有分布。
- 族群:拉科塔族。
- 母语使用人数:2,100,(占拉科塔人的29% 根据 1997)。
- 语系
拉科塔语是现今使用人数较多的美洲原住民语言之一,约有2,000名使用者,大部分居住于大平原地区的北达科他州和南达科他州[6]。
发音
元音
拉科塔语有5个非鼻化元音 /i e a o u/和3个鼻化元音/ĩ ã ũ/(音[ɪ̃ ə̃ ʊ̃])。拉科塔语的 /e/ 和 /o/ 的发音更接近于[ɛ] 和 [ɔ],开口程度更高。拉科塔语没有以辅音 /n/结尾的音节。
在正字法上,以⟨ƞ⟩,⟨ŋ⟩和⟨n⟩置于元音字母后表示鼻化;历史上也曾以反尾形符表示,写作į ą ų[9]。
前元音 | 央元音 | 后元音 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
闭元音 | 非鼻化 | i | u | |
鼻化 | ĩ | ũ | ||
中元音 | e | o | ||
开元音 | 非鼻化 | a | ||
鼻化 | ã |
在多个辅音间会自动插入中央元音/ə/,如辅音对g,b和gm,源于族名奥格拉拉(Oglala)的内布拉斯加州地名变为奥加拉拉(Ogallala)。
辅音
双唇音 | 齿音 | 齿龈音 | 齿龈后音 | 软腭音 | 小舌音[10][11] | 声门音 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鼻音 | m [m] | n [n] | ||||||
塞音 塞擦音 |
清音 | p [p] | t [t] | č [tʃ] | k [k] | ’ [ʔ] | ||
浊音 | b [b] | g [ɡ] | ||||||
送气音 | ph [pʰ] / pȟ [pˣ] | th [tʰ] / tȟ [tˣ] | čh [tʃʰ] | kh [kʰ] / kȟ [kˣ] | ||||
挤喉音 | p’ [pʼ] | t’ [tʼ] | č’ [tʃʼ] | k’ [kʼ] | ||||
擦音 | 清音 | s [s] | š [ʃ] | ȟ [χ] | ||||
浊音 | z [z] | ž [ʒ] | ǧ [ʁ] | |||||
挤喉音[12] | s’ [sʼ] | š’ [ʃʼ] | ȟ’ [χʼ] | |||||
近音 | w [w] | l [l] | y [j] | h [h] |
浊小舌擦音/ʁ/在/i/前变为小舌颤音[ʀ][10][11],语速较快时常常变为浊软颚擦音[ɣ]。
送气清塞音各有两个同位变体:发声延迟化的[pʰ tʰ kʰ],及软腭擦音化的[pˣ tˣ kˣ],出现在/a/,/ã/,/o/,/ĩ/和/ũ/前。因此lakhóta /laˈkʰota/一词的实际发音是[laˈkˣota]。对于某些使用者来说,两种变体有音位差别;两种变体亦会出现在/e/前。塞擦音/tʃʰ/不存在上述变体。在拉科塔语的各种正字法方案中,体现出这种变音现象的只有一部分。
小舌擦音χ和ʁ在正字法中普遍写作ȟ和ǧ。
所有单语素词汇都具有一个重读元音,音调较词汇中的其他元音高。重音一般是词汇的第二个音节。正字法一般用锐音符表达重读元音,如á等。复合词中,每个组成部分都拥有各自的重读音,正字法中会用连字符将各个语素隔开,如máza-ská “金属般的白色”。
文字
目前被各大拉科塔语教育机构采用的正字法为《新拉科塔语词典》(New Lakota Dictionary)中所使用的版本[12][13][14][15]。
这套方案以ŋ表示鼻音化元音,以锐音符表示重读音[16],以撇号⟨’⟩表示声门塞音。在国际音标中以非拉丁字母表示的音,一般会以其他拉丁字母附加抑扬符的形式表示,如č /tʃ/, ǧ /ʁ/, ȟ /χ/, š /ʃ/, ž /ʒ/。送气音以⟨h⟩表示,送气音的软腭擦音变体以⟨ȟ⟩表示,如kȟ, pȟ, tȟ。挤喉音以撇号表示,如č’, ȟ’, k’, p’, s’, š’, t’。
字母 | 名称 | 音值 |
---|---|---|
A a | a | [a] |
Aŋ aŋ | aŋ | [ə̃] |
B b | be | [b] |
Č č | ču | [tʃ] |
Čh čh | čhi | [tʃʰ] |
Č’ č’ | č’ó | [tʃʼ] |
E e | e | [ɛ] |
G g | gli | [ɡ] |
Ǧ ǧ | ǧu | [ʁ] / [ʀ] |
H h | ha | [h] |
Ȟ ȟ | ȟe | [χ] |
I i | i | [ɪ] |
Iŋ iŋ | iŋ | [ɪ̃] |
K k | ku | [k] |
Kh kh | khi | [kʰ] |
Kȟ kȟ | kȟa | [kˣ] |
K’ k’ | k’o | [kʼ] |
L l | la | [l] |
M m | ma | [m] |
N n | na | [n] |
O o | o | [ɔ] |
P p | pu | [p] |
Ph ph | phi | [pʰ] |
Pȟ pȟ | pȟa | [pˣ] |
P’ p’ | p’o | [pʼ] |
S s | sa | [s] |
Š š | še | [ʃ] |
T t | tu | [t] |
Th th | thi | [tʰ] |
Tȟ tȟ | tȟa | [tˣ] |
T’ t’ | t’o | [tʼ] |
U u | u | [ʊ] |
Uŋ uŋ | uŋ | [ʊ̃] |
W w | wa | [w] |
Y y | ya | [j] |
Z z | za | [z] |
Ž ž | že | [ʒ] |
’ | khéze | [ʔ] |
实例
拉科塔语的问候语:
- Háu kȟolá.
- 你好,朋友。
Háu含有双元音/au/,在拉科塔语中并不存在,因此是一个外语借词。这句问候语形成美国白人对印第安人的刻板印象,在美国电影中甚至以“How!”来代替全体印第安人的问候语[10]。
流行文化
参考书目
- Ullrich, Jan, with Black Bear, Ben, Jr. (2016). Lakota Grammar Handbook. Lakota Language Consortium. ISBN 978-1-941461-11-2.
- Ullrich, Jan. (2008). New Lakota Dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium. ISBN 0-9761082-9-1.
- Ullrich, Jan. (2018). Modification, Secondary Predication and Multi-Verb Constructions in Lakota. Lakota Language Consortium. Online version .
- Palmer, Jessica Dawn. The Dakota Peoples: A History of Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota through 1863.Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7864-3177-9.
- Rood, David S. and Allan R. Taylor. (1996). Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language. Handbook of North American Indians , Vol. 17 (Languages), pp. 440–482. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. Online version.
- Pustet, Regina. Prototype Effects in Discourse and the Synonymy Issue: Two Lakota Postpositions. Cognitive Linguistics. 2013, 14 (4): 349–78 [2020-02-19]. doi:10.1515/cogl.2003.014. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08).
- Powers, William K. Saving Lakota: Commentary on Language Revitalization. American Indian Culture & Research Journal. 2009, 33 (4): 139–49. doi:10.17953/aicr.33.4.2832x77334756478.
- Henne, Richard B. "Verbal Artistry: A Case for Education." ANTHROPOLOGY & EDUCATION QUARTERLY no. 4 (2009): 331-349.
- Sneve, Paul. Anamnesis in the Lakota Language and Lakota Concepts of Time and Matter. Anglican Theological Review. 2013, 95 (3): 487–493.
- McGinnis, Anthony R. When Courage Was Not Enough: Plains Indians at War with the United States Army. Journal of Military History. 2012, 76 (2): 455–473.
- Andrews, Thomas G. TURNING THE TABLES ON ASSIMILATION: OGLALA LAKOTAS AND THE PINE RIDGE DAY SCHOOLS, 1889-1920s. Western Historical Quarterly. 2002, 33 (4): 407–430. JSTOR 4144766. doi:10.2307/4144766.
- Pass, Susan. Teaching Respect for Diversity: The Oglala Lakota. Social Studies. 2009, 100 (5): 212–217. doi:10.1080/00377990903221996.
- Campbell, Kimberlee. Sitting Bull Offers New Lakota Curriculum. Tribal College Journal. 2011, 22 (3): 69–70.
延伸阅读
- Ullrich, Jan, with Black Bear, Ben, Jr. (2016). Lakota Grammar Handbook. Lakota Language Consortium. ISBN 978-1-941461-11-2.
- Ullrich, Jan. (2008). New Lakota Dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium. ISBN 0-9761082-9-1.
- Buechel, Eugene. (1983). A Dictionary of Teton Sioux. Pine Ridge, SD: Red Cloud Indian School.
- DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001). "Sioux until 1850". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians : Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718–760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
- de Reuse, Willem J. (1987). "One hundred years of Lakota linguistics (1887-1987)". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 12, 13-42. Online version .
- Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "The Siouan languages". In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94–114). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Trechter, Sarah. (1999). "Contextualizing the Exotic Few: Gender Dichotomies in Lakhota". In M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang, and L. Sutton (Eds) Reinventing Identities (pp. 101–122). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512629-7
外部链接
- Lakota Language Consortium
- Lakȟól'iya Owaákhiye Othí language forum
- New Lakota Dictionary online
- Omniglot
- Our Languages: Lakota (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
- Niobrara Wocekiye Wowapi: The Niobrara Prayer Book (1991) Episcopal Church prayers in Lakota
- Palatalization in Lakhota
- Swadesh vocabulary lists for Lakota and other Siouan languages (from Wiktionary)
- Tusweca Tiospaye , language learning
- ELAR archive of Lakota Language: Translation of Songs and Speeches
- de Reuse, Willem J. (1990). "A supplementary bibliography of Lakota languages and linguistics (1887-1990)". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 15 (2), 146-165. (Studies in Native American languages 6). Online version
参考资料
{{reflist}
- ↑ 拉科塔语, Google 艺术与文化
- ↑ 拉科塔语发音词典,Forvo
- ↑ 拉科塔语(苏语)教学Lakota language,哔哩哔哩_bilibili,2021-11-28
- ↑ Sneve, Paul. Anamnesis in the Lakota Language and Lakota Concepts of Time and Matter. Anglican Theological Review. 2013, 95 (3): 487–493.
- ↑ Andrews, Thomas G. Turning the Tables on Assimilation: Oglala Lakotas and the Pine Ridge Day Schools 1889–1920s. Western Historical Quarterly. 2002, 33 (4): 407–430. JSTOR 4144766. doi:10.2307/4144766.
- ↑ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. Lakota. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 15th. SIL International. 2005 [2009-05-16]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-15).
- ↑ Lakota Language Consortium. [2016-07-28]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-01).
- ↑ About the Lakota Language Program. Red Cloud Indian School. [2016-07-28]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-06).
- ↑ Elementary Bilingual Dictionary English–Lakhóta Lakhóta–English (1976) CU Lakhóta Project University of Colorado
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Rood, David S., and Taylor, Allan R. (1996). Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 17 (Languages), pp. 440–482.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 (2004). Lakota letters and sounds .
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 New Lakota dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium, 2008
- ↑ Language Materials Project: Lakota. UCLA. [23 Dec 2010]. (原始内容存档于30 December 2010).
- ↑ Powers, William K. Comments on the Politics of Orthography. American Anthropologist. 1990, 92 (2): 496–498. JSTOR 680162. doi:10.1525/aa.1990.92.2.02a00190.
- ↑ Palmer, 2
- ↑ Cho, Taehong. "Some phonological and phonetic aspects of stress and intonation in Lakhota: a preliminary report", Published as a PDF at :humnet.ucla.edu "Lakhota" , Linguistics, UCLA