斯伯里

斯伯里
出生	(1913—1994)
國籍	美國
別名	Roger W .Sperry
職業	神經心理學家

目錄

基本信息

中文名稱	國籍	別名	出生地	出生日期	逝世日期	職業
斯伯里	美國	Roger W .Sperry	美國	1913年	1994年	神經心理學家

個人簡介

斯伯里 | Roger W .Sperry

斯伯里(August 20,1913-April 17,1994.)，

榮譽

曾榮獲國家科學獎，1960年當選為國家科學院院士，1971年獲美國心理學會頒發的傑出科學貢獻獎，1981年獲諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎(又譯為:斯佩里)。

割裂腦

斯佩里(R.W.Sperry)。他把貓、猴子、猩猩聯結大腦兩半球的神經纖維(最大的叫胼胝體)割斷，稱為"割裂腦"手術。這樣兩個半球的相互聯繫被切斷，外界信息傳至大腦半球皮層的某一部分後，不能同時又將此信息通過橫向胼胝體纖維傳至對側皮層相對應的部分。每個半球各自獨立地進行活動，彼此不能知道對側半球的活動情況。這一手術於1940年由Van Wagenen 和Herren首先在臨床上對慢性頑固性癲癇病人使用，獲得較理想的療效，癲癇發作幾乎完全消失。1961年斯佩里設計了精巧和詳盡的測驗，在作割裂腦手術的人恢復以後，進行了神經心理學的測定，獲得了人左右兩半球機能分工的第一手資料，發現兩半球機能的不對稱性(asymmetry)，右半球也有言語功能，從而更新了優勢半球的概念。裂腦人的每一個半球都有其獨自的感覺、知覺和意念，都能獨立地學習、記憶和理解，兩個半球都能被訓練執行同時發生的相互矛盾的任務。斯佩里的研究，深入地揭示了人的言語、思維和意識與兩個半球的關係，成績卓著，獲得了1981年度諾貝爾醫學獎。

奇特的裂腦人

有一種腦部疾患叫做"癲癇"，疾病大發作時病人會突然喪失意識，倒地，全身肌肉發生強烈的抽搐，並伴有咬舌、流涎、尿失禁等症狀。美國諾貝爾獎獲得者斯佩里為了醫治此病，將患者的連接大腦兩半球的主要神經纖維"胼胝體"切斷，使一側大腦半球的病灶所產生的神經電暴不能擴散到另一半球去。手術後患者的病情得到了極大的改善，而且也未出現不良的後遺症，如人格和智力的改變等等。然而經過這樣手術的人，畢竟與常人有所不同了，他們實際上成了有兩個獨立的大腦的所謂"裂腦人"。

大腦也有兩個半球

優勢半球 正常人的大腦也有兩個半球，但是由於胼胝體的連接，左、右兩個半球的信息可在瞬間進行交流，因此，正常人的大腦是作為一個整體而起作用的。人們很早就知道大腦兩半球在機能上有分工，左半球感受並控制右邊的身體，右半球感受並控制左邊的身體。1861年，法國醫生布羅卡發現患有失語症的病人，其大腦左半球顳葉有損傷。這個部位後來就被稱為"布羅卡"區，它涉及人的說話功能，是運動性語言中樞。以後人們又繼續發現了左半球的其他一些部位與書寫、閱讀等功能有關，只有少數左利手(俗稱左撇子)的人語言中樞在右半球或分在兩個半球上。由於大多數人的語言中樞位於左半球，大腦左半球就被人們稱為優勢半球。

功能分工 從1961年開始，斯佩里等人對"裂腦人"長時間進行了一系列的實驗研究。例如，在一個實驗中讓一個"裂腦人"坐在擋住他雙手的屏幕前，視線凝視屏幕中心的一點，然後在屏幕上用0.1秒的時間閃現"帽帶"這個詞("帽"呈現在左半屏幕，"帶"呈現在右半屏幕)，由於呈現時間短得"裂腦人"的眼睛來不及移動，"帽"就傳遞到了右半球，"帶"就傳遞到了左半球。當要求"裂腦人"說出他看到了什麼時，他只回答說看到了"帶"字。進一步要求"裂腦人"說出"帶"的種類，他只好猜測是"膠帶"、"音樂磁帶"、"捆人的帶子"等等。這表明語言中樞在左半球。如果在左半屏幕閃現一個物體的名稱，從而使這個詞傳遞到右半球，"裂腦人"雖然不能說出物體的名稱，但能用左手從一堆他看不見的物體中選出這個物體。表明雖然右半球有一些語言的功能，但語言中樞位於左半球。

斯佩里的研究以及其他的一些研究表明，人的大腦兩半球存在着機能上的分工，對於大多數人來說，左半球是處理語言信息的"優勢半球"，它還能完成那些複雜、連續、有分析的活動，以及熟練地進行數學計算。右半球雖然是"非優勢的"，但是它掌管空間知覺的能力，對非語言性的視覺圖像的感知和分析比左半球占優勢。還有的研究表明，音樂和藝術能力以及情緒反應等與右半球有更大的關係。對於正常人來說，大腦兩半球雖然存在着機能上的分工，但是大腦始終是作為一個整體而工作的。

檔案資料

左腦右腦 Cheung,Victoria

Roger W. Sperry – Autobiography

Birthplace and Family: Born August 20,1913,in Hartford,Connecticut to Francis Bushnell and Florence Kraemer Sperry of Elmwood,a small suburb. Father was in banking; mother trained in business school and after dad's death,when I was 11 years old,she became assistant to the principal in the local high school. One brother,Russell Loomis,a year younger,went into chemistry. I was married to Norma Gay Deupree,December 28,1949. We have one son,Glenn Michael (Tad),born October 13,1953 and one daughter,Janeth Hope,born August 18,1963.

Education: My early schooling was in Elmwood,Connecticut and William Hall High School in West Hartford,Connecticut. I attended Oberlin College on a 4 year Amos C. Miller Scholarship. After receiving the AB in English in 1935,I stayed on 2 years more in Oberlin for an MA in Psychology,1937,under Professor R. H. Stetson. I then took an additional third year at-large at Oberlin to prepare for a switch to Zoology for Ph.D. work under Professor Paul A. Weiss at the University of Chicago. After receiving the Ph.D. at Chicago in 1941,I did a year of postdoctoral research as a National Research Council Fellow at Harvard University under Professor Karl S. Lashley.

Professional positions: Biology research fellow,Harvard University,at Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology (1942-46); Assistant professor,Department of Anatomy,University of Chicago (1946-52); Associate professor of psychology,University of Chicago (1952-53); Section Chief,Neurological Diseases and Blindness,National Institutes of Health (1952-53); Hixon professor of psychobiology,California Institute of Technology (1954-present).

Awards and Honors: Amos C. Miller Scholarship,Oberlin College (1931-35); National Research Council Fellowship (1941-42); Distinguished Alumni Citation; Oberlin College (1954); Elected National Academy of Sciences (1960); Elected American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1963); Howard Crosby Warren Medal,Society of Experimental Psychologists (1969); Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award,American Psychological Association (1971); California Scientist of the Year Award (1972); Co-recipient William Thomson Wakeman Research Award,National Paraplegia Foundation (1972); Honorary Doctor of Science degree,Cambridge University (1972); Passano Award in Medical Science (1973); Elected American Philosophical Society (1974); Elected Honorary Member American Neurological Association (1974); Co-recipient Claude Bernard Science Journalism Award (1975); Karl Lashley Award of American Philosophical Society (1976); Elected Foreign Member of Royal Society (1976); Honorary Doctor of Science Degree,University of Chicago (1976); Elected member of Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1978); Honorary Doctor of Science Degree,Kenyon College (1979); Wolf Prize in Medicine (1979); Ralph Gerard Award of the Society of Neurosciences (1979); International Visual Literacy Association Special Award (1979); Albert Lasker Medical Research Award (1979); Honorary Doctor of Science Degree,The Rockefeller University (1980); American Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award (1980)

A vocational and anti-brain-strain: Collected and raised large American moths in grade school. Ran trap line and collected live wild pets during junior high school years. Three-letter man in varsity athletics in high school and college. Through middle life continued evening and weekend diversionary activities including sculpture,ceramics,figure drawing,sports,American folk dance,boating,fishing,snorkeling,water colors,and collecting unusual fossils - among which we have a contender for the world's 3rd largest ammonite.

Selected Bibliography

The problem of central nervous reorganization after nerve regeneration and muscle transposition. R.W. Sperry. Quart. Rev. Biol. 20:311-369 (1945).

Regulative factors in the orderly growth of neural circuits. R.W. Sperry. Growth Symp. 10: 63-67 (1951).

Cerebral organization and behavior. R.W. Sperry. Science 133:1749-1757 (1961).

Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections. R.W. Sperry. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 50: 703-710 (1963).

Interhemispheric relationships: the neocortical commissures; syndromes of hemisphere disconnection. R.W. Sperry,M.S. Gazzaniga,and J.E. Bogen. In Handbook Clin. Neurol. P. J. Vinken and G.W. Bruyn (Eds.),Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. 4: 273-290 (1969).

Lateral specialization in the surgically separated hemispheres. R.W. Sperry. In Neurosciences Third Study Program. F. Schmitt and F. Worden (Eds.),Cambridge: MIT Press 3:5-19 (1974).

Mind-brain interaction: mentalism,yes; dualism,no. R.W. Sperry. Neuroscience 5: 195-206 (1980). Reprinted in Commentaries in the Neurosciences. A.D. Smith,R. Llanas and P.G. Kostyuk (Eds.),Oxford: Pergamon Press,pp. 651-662 (1980).

Science and moral priority: merging mind,brain and human values. R.W. Sperry. Vol. 4 of Convergence,(Ser. ed. Ruth Anshen) New York: Columbia University Press (1982).

From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1981,Editor Wilhelm Odelberg,[Nobel Foundation],Stockholm,1982

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/Nobel Lectures. The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate. To cite this document,always state the source as shown above.

Roger W. Sperry died on April 17,1994.