毗黎勒
毗黎勒 |
中文学名:毗黎勒 拉丁学名:Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 界:植物界 门:被子植物门 纲:木兰纲 亚 纲:蔷薇亚纲 目:桃金娘目 科:使君子科 属:榄仁树属 |
毗黎勒(pí lí lè),又名:云南榄仁,拉丁文名:Terminalia intricata Hand.-Mazz.,别名 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.,俗名:油榄仁,异名:Terminalia laurinoides Myrobalanus bellirica Terminalia bellirica var. laurinoides Terminalia punctata Terminalia eglandulosa Terminalia gella Terminalia attenuata Myrobalanus laurinoides , 使君子科、榄仁树属灌木,落叶乔木,高18-35米,胸径可达1米;枝灰色,具纵纹及明显的螺旋状上升的叶痕,小枝、幼叶及叶柄基部常具锈色绒毛。叶螺旋状聚生枝顶,叶片阔卵形或倒卵形,纸质,长18-26厘米,宽6-12厘米,全缘,边缘微波状,先端钝或短尖,基部渐狭或钝圆,两面无毛,较疏生白色细瘤点,具光泽,侧脉5-8对,背面网脉细密,瘤点较少;产云南南部。生于海拔540-1350米的山坡阳处及疏林中。为沟谷及低丘季节性雨林的上层树种之一。分布于越南、老挝、泰国、柬埔寨、缅甸、印度(除西部以外)和马来西亚至印度尼西亚。 [1]
目录
毗黎勒形态特征
落叶乔木,高18-35米,胸径可达1米;枝灰色,具纵纹及明显的螺旋状上升的叶痕,小枝、幼叶及叶柄基部常具锈色绒毛。叶螺旋状聚生枝顶,叶片阔卵形或倒卵形,纸质,长18-26厘米,宽6-12厘米,全缘,边缘微波状;
先端钝或短尖,基部渐狭或钝圆,两面无毛,较疏生白色细瘤点,具光泽,侧脉5-8对,背面网脉细密,瘤点较少;叶柄长3-9厘米,无毛,常于中上部有2腺体。
穗状花序腋生,在茎上部常聚成伞房状,长5-12厘米,密被红褐色的丝状毛,上部为雄花,基部为两性花;花5数,淡黄色,不连雄蕊的突出部分长4.5毫米,无柄;
萼管杯状,长3.5毫米,5裂,裂片三角形,长约3毫米,被绒毛;花瓣缺;雄蕊10,生着被毛的花盘外;花盘仅出现在两性花上,10裂,被红褐色髯毛;
子房上位,1室,花柱棒状,长5毫米,下部粗壮,被疏生的长绒毛,上部纤细,微弯。假核果卵形,密被锈色绒毛,长2-3厘米,径1.8-2.5厘米,具明显的5棱,种子1粒。花期3-4月,果期5-7月。
Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 90. 1790 ["bellirina"]; M. laurinoides (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) Kuntze; Terminalia attenuata Edgeworth; T. bellirica var. laurinoides (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) C. B. Clarke; T. eglandulosa Roxburgh ex C. B. Clarke; T. gella Dalzell; T. laurinoides Teijsmann & Binnendijk; T. punctata Roth.
Trees deciduous, to 35 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h., with large buttresses. Bark gray, longitudinally ridged. Branchlets with conspicuous, spirally ascending leaf scars. Leaves spiraled, crowded into pseudowhorls at apices of branchlets; petiole 3-9 cm, glabrous but ferruginous tomentose when young, especially at base, with 2 glands above middle; leaf blade glossy, obovate, 18-26 × 6-12 cm, both surfaces glabrous except ferruginous tomentose when young, base obtuse-rounded or attenuate, apex obtuse or mucronate; lateral veins in 5-8 pairs.
Inflorescences axillary, simple spikes, 5-18 cm, often grouped at branchlet apex and forming a panicle; axis densely ferruginous tomentose. Calyx tube distally shallowly cupular, 4-5 mm, abaxially tomentose, adaxially long villous; lobes 5.
Stamens 10, exserted, 4-5 mm. Fruit shortly stipitate, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, weakly to strongly 5-ridged, 2-3 × 1.8-2.5 cm, densely and finely velutinous or sericeous; stipe ca. 2 mm. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. May-Jul. 2n = 48.
分类文献
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Pl. Corom. 2: 54. t. 198. 1798; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 445. 1879; Gagrnep. in Lecte. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 2: 749. 1920, err. #$#belerica#$#; O. Lecompte in Aubrev. Fl. Camb. Laos Vietn. 10: 71. 1969; 云南植物志1: 84. 1977——Myrobalanus bellirica Gaernt. in Fruct. 2: 90. t. 97. 1791.
产地生境
产云南南部。生于海拔540-1350米的山坡阳处及疏林中。为沟谷及低丘季节性雨林的上层树种之一。分布于越南、老挝、泰国、柬埔寨、缅甸、印度(除西部以外)和马来西亚至印度尼西亚。
木材浸水后更坚韧。果皮富含单宁,用于鞣革,供制黑色染料,也供药用。唐本草著录味苦寒,主治风虚热气。未成熟果实用以通便,成熟果实为收敛剂。核仁可食,但多食有麻醉作用。此树也产大量树脂。