簡單句
基本信息
概念
簡單句就是只包含一個主謂結構的句子。
簡單句中句子各成分都是只由單詞或短語構成的。
在簡單句中主謂結構是句子的主幹，是句子的核心。
簡單句可歸納為五個基本句型。
表達簡單句使用哪個基本句型，取決於該句子中的謂語動詞。
也就是說不同類型的謂語動詞，要求使用不同類型的基本句型。
簡單句
句型分類
根據語法形式，即句子的結構，英語的句子可分為簡單句、並列句和複合句。
基本形式
簡單句的基本形式是由一個主語加一個謂語構成。其它各種句子形式都是由此句型發展而來，如五大基本句型:
基本句型
1.主語+謂語
謂語一定是動詞
這種句型簡稱為主謂結構，其謂語一般都是不及物動詞，例:
Things change.事物是變化的。
Nobody went.沒有人去。
--Did you go by sea?你們走的是海路嗎?
--NO, we flew.不，我們是飛去。
2.主語+連繫動詞+表語
也叫做主系表
這種句型稱為主系表結構，其實連繫動詞在形式上也是一種謂語動詞，但實質上表語成了謂語，例:
Mr. Turner is an artist.特納先生是位畫家。
The milk we
注:我們平常所說的be動詞有兩種含義:
1、助動詞的be;
2、作為連繫動詞的be;
3.主語+謂語+賓語
賓語有兩種 :間接賓語和直接賓語
這種句型可稱為主謂賓結構，它的謂語一般多是及物動詞，例:
We never beat children.我們從來不打孩子。
My sister will fix everything.我姐姐會料理一切。
4主語+謂語+賓語+賓語
這種句型可稱為主謂賓賓結構，其謂語應是可有雙賓語的及物動詞，兩個賓語一個是間接賓語，一個是直接賓語，其中指物或指事的就是直接賓語 指人(或動物)的就是間接賓語。例:
He gave the book to his sister.他把這本書給了他的妹妹。
I'll write you a long letter.我將寫給你一封長信。
5.主語+謂語+賓語+賓補
所謂賓語補主語就是補充說明前面的賓語
這種句型可簡稱為主謂賓補結構，其補語是賓語補語，與賓語一起即構成複合賓語，例:
I found the book easy.我發現這本書不難。(形容詞easy作補語)
I'll let him go.我將讓他去。(不定式go用作補語)
注意:有時兩個或更多的並列主語擁有一個共同的謂語，甚至並列有兩個主語和兩個謂語，這樣的句子仍然是簡單句，例:
China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.中國和東亞其它國家正在迅速地發展。(China and other countries並列主語)
Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相幫助。
英語五種基本句型列式
基本句型一:S+V (主+謂)
基本句型二:S+V+P (主+系+表)
基本句型三:S+V+DO (主+謂+賓)
基本句型四:S+V+IO+DO(主+謂+間賓+直賓)
基本句型五:S+V+DO+OC (主+謂+賓+賓補)
摺疊編輯本段互換解析 把一個簡單句轉換成一個複合句，一般是將一個短語變為一個從句。相反，複合句轉換為簡單句時要把一個從句變為一個短語。
1. The foreigners want to know how they can learn to do Chinese Kongfu well. → The foreigners want to know how to learn to do Chinese Kongfu well.
【解析】含賓語從句的複合句變為簡單句，可以把賓語從句改為"疑問詞+不定式"的結構或者改為"主語+謂語+賓語+賓補"這種結構;簡單句變複合句，一般是把賓語擴大為賓語從句，其賓語從句應該用將來時或"情態動詞+動詞原形"的形式。
2. She was so weak that she couldn't take care of her baby. → She was too weak to take care of her baby.
3. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. → The ice on the lake was not thick enough for people to skate on.
【解析】當so...that從句是否定句，其主語與主句主語相同，可用句型too...to do sth.替換;當so...that從句是否定句，其主語與主句主語不相同，可用句型too...for sb. to do sth. 替換;當so...that從句是肯定句，其主語與主句主語相同時，可用...enough to do sth.替換; 當so...that從句是肯定句，其主語與主句主語不相同時，可用...enough for sb. to do sth.替換。
4. Be brave, or you'll lose your chance. → If you aren't brave, you'll lose your chance.
5. Come on, or we'll miss the early bus. → If we don't hurry, we'll miss the early bus.
【解析】 "祈使句+or+簡單句"可轉換為"if引導的否定的條件句+主句"的句型;"祈使句+and+簡單句"可轉換為"if引導的肯定的條件句+主句"的句型。
6. She seems to be worried now. → It seems that she is worried now.
【解析】 seem是關於內心活動的用語，含有心中所想象的意思在內。seem後接動詞不定式，也常用It seems that結構。簡單句變為複合句應特別注意它們之間的同義可換性。
II. 簡單句與簡單句的轉換
簡單句本身可以通過對句子成分(包括主語、謂語、賓語、狀語和定語)或句型自身的調整來表達相同或相近的意思。常見的轉換方法有:① "詞與詞的轉換"(如:反義詞的轉換、同義詞的轉換、代詞的轉換、詞性的轉換);② "詞與短語的轉換"(of屬格與's屬格的轉換、時間表達的轉換等);③"句式與句式的轉換"(如:How old is (are)...?與What is sb.'s age?的轉換、How do you like...?與What do you think of... ? 的轉換、"動詞 + sb. + sth."與"動詞 + sth. + 介詞 + sb."的轉換等)。
7. We spent twenty minutes cleaning the room yesterday. → It took us twenty minutes to clean the room yesterday.
8. The motorbike cost him 7,000 yuan last year. → He paid / spent 7,000 yuan for / on (buying) the motorbike last year.
【解析】 spend與take都可以表示"做某事花某人多少時間或金錢"。 spend的主語用某人表示; take的主語用it。即"(Somebody)spend some time (in) doing sth. / on sth."這一句型可換成"It takes / took somebody some time to do sth." 句型。兩個句型都可表示"某人花若干時間做某事"。但在轉換時，應注意語序的變化，尤其是前一個句型中(in) doing或on sth.，在後一個句型中應改為to do sth.。"spend...doing sth."相當於pay...for, 它們之間可轉換使用。
9. Jane says science isn't so interesting as music to her. → Jane says science is less interesting than music to her.
10. She rides a bicycle more carefully than anyone else in her class. → She is the most careful bicycle rider in her class.
【解析】常見的比較等級之間的轉換有:①"not so / as+原級+ as"可改為"比較級+ than";② "not so / as+原級+as"可改為"less+原級(多音節詞)+than";③ "最高級+of / in短語"可改為"比較級+than any other+複數名詞 / than any of the others / anyone else / anything else";④"like...better (than)"可改為"prefer...(to)"。
11. The exhibition of children's art began a few days ago. → The exhibition of children's art has been on for a few days.
12. My grandpa joined the Party thirty years ago. → My grandpa has been in the Party for thirty years.
13. Sam's grandfather died 10 years ago. → Sam's grandfather has been dead for 10 years.
【解析】含一般過去時與現在完成時句式之間的轉換是很常用的。在現在完成時中，延續性動詞與表示一段時間的狀語連用，瞬間動詞不能。但是，可以用別的方式來表達:①瞬間動詞用於"一段時間+ago"的一般過去時的句型中;②瞬間動詞可改寫成與之相對應的延續性動詞及短語，與一段時間連用;③ 瞬間動詞用於"It is +一段時間+since+一般過去時"的句型中;④瞬間動詞用於"Some time + has / have passed + since + 一般過去時"的句型中。另外，將來時"be going to"結構與"will / shall"結構的轉換;進行時(如come , go動詞)可與將來時的轉換。
14. You must throw the broken pottery away at once. → The broken pottery must be thrown away at once.
15. Every one should give back his or her library books on time. → Library books should be returned on time.
16. People make great use of computers widely in the world. → Computers are widely used in the world.
【解析】
①主動句變被動句的方法是:首先把主動句的賓語變為被動句的主語，再把謂語動詞變為被動語態，最後加上介詞by的賓語(有時可省略);
②被動句變為主動句的方法是:先把被動句中by的賓語變為主動句的主語(如被動句中省略了介詞by及其賓語，一般可以用 we, you, they等作主語)，再把謂語動詞改為主動語態(即把be去掉)，最後把被動句的主語改為主動句的賓語，主動句的時態與被動句中be的時態一致;
③在let, make, hear, see, watch等後的動詞不定式在主動語態中不帶to，變為被動語態時，要加上to;
④雙賓語動詞結構變為被動語態，則應在間接賓語前加上相應的介詞to或for。如:
Li Lei was given a bike by Mr Wang. → Mr Wang gave a bike to Li Lei.
III. 二合併一成簡單句
有時為了使句子結構更加緊湊，語言更加生動，我們可以把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句合併為簡單句，這樣，句子意思上的聯繫顯得更密切。
17. Lucy can't sing the English song "Yesterday Once More". And Lily can't sing it, either. → Neither Lucy nor Lily can sing the English song "Yesterday Once More".
18. This store sells men's shoes, and it also sells men's clothes. → This store sells not only men's shoes but also men's clothes.
【解析】
兩個意義相關的簡單句合併為一個簡單句。常見的方式有三類:①用both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, not...but等連接詞合併。由not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor等連接的並列主語，通常遵循就近原則，即謂語需根據後面的名詞(詞組)的單複數而定;②用too...to, enough to等含不定式結構合併;③用分詞短語合併。
IV. 二合併一成複合句
由兩個簡單句合併成一個複合句，多把一個分句轉換成一個從句。如:
19. "Did you sleep well last night?" David asked her. → David asked her if / whether she slept well last night.
20. I won't go with my brother, he thinks. → He doesn't think I will go with my brother.
21. Where does he live? I don't know. →I don't know where he lives.
【解析】構成賓語從句應注意三點:
①賓語從句的引導詞是否缺少或用錯;
②賓語從句語序是否是陳述句的語序;
③賓語從句的時態是否與主句謂語動詞的時態相呼應。
【測試】按要求改寫下列句子。每空限填一詞。
1. There is a strong wind today.
It's very ________ today.
2. What's the weather like in America?
________ ________ the weather in America?
3. We must keep the noise under 50 dbs (分貝) here.
The noise must ________ ________ under 50 dbs here.
4. Wu Dong joined the League three years ago.
Wu Dong has ________ in the League ________ three years.
5. I didn't know what I should say.
I didn't know what ________ ________.
6. Does the shop close at six every day? Do you know?
Do you know ________ the shop ________ at six every day?
7. Lucy is the tallest girl in her class.
Lucy is ________ than ________ ________ girl in her class.
8. Tom is in the football team. Jim is in the football team, too.
________ Tom ________ Jim ________ on the football team.
9. John will go to bed after he finishes his homework.
John ________ ________ to bed ________ he finishes his homework.
10. He was so happy that he couldn't say a word when he was told the news.
He was ________ happy ________ say a word when he was told the news.
Key: 1. windy 2. How is / How about / What about 3. be kept 4. been; for 5. to say 6. if; closes 7. taller; any other 8. Both; and; are 9. won't go; until 10. too; to。
誤區提醒
不同的動詞使用的句型也不盡一樣，因此在學習動詞時，應掌握動詞的類型。
以 get 為例:
He's getting angry. (S V P)
He got through the window. (S V M)
You'll get a surprise. (S V O)
He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C)
He got himself into trouble. (S V OM)
He got her a splendid present. (S V o O)
在句子中詞類和詞的位置也影響句子的句型和意思:
I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了這本書。(S V O M)
I found the book easy. 我覺得這本書很容易。 (S V O C)
I have to do something. 我得做點事。
I have something to do. 我有點事做。