納瓦霍人
簡介
納瓦霍人，為北美洲地區現存最大的美洲原住民族群，人口據估計約有30萬人。
納瓦霍人（Navajo ），亦作Navaho，是美國印第安居民集團中人數最多的一支，20世紀晚期約有170,000人。散居於新墨西哥州西北部、亞利桑那州東北部及猶他州東南部。
「納瓦霍族」，原住民的族名由西班牙人所起，族人則自稱為「Diné」，即納瓦霍語「人」之意。
納瓦霍族也擁有現今美國面積最大的印第安保留地，部族政府稱為納瓦霍國，橫跨亞利桑那，新墨西哥和猶他三州，面積7萬平方公里。
語言
納瓦霍族群有自己的語言:納瓦霍語，沒有文字，只能口口相傳，其構成相當複雜，外族人幾乎無人能瞭解。
因此，在太平洋戰爭中曾用於作為密碼進行明碼呼叫用，以讓日本軍無法破解美方密碼，至二戰結束時也沒有被破解。
納瓦霍人操一種阿帕切語，該語屬阿薩巴斯卡語(Athabascan)系。目前尚不確知納瓦霍人與阿帕切人什麼時候自加拿大向北美洲西南部遷移的；在加拿大，仍有其他操阿薩巴斯卡語的印第安人定居；但也有學者認為遷移時間是在西元900～1200年之間。因為納瓦霍人曾受普韋布洛印第安人(Pueblo Indians)的強烈影響，早期的納瓦霍人大概同現代阿帕切人更為相似，而與現代納瓦霍人不太相似。
宗教信仰
參見
- 獵風行動
- 塞班島戰役
- 諾曼底登陸
- 東尼·席勒曼(Tony Hillerman)作品：印地安警探系列
相關書籍
- Bailey, L. R. (1964). The Long Walk: A History of the Navaho Wars, 1846–1868.
- Bighorse, Tiana. (1990). Bighorse the Warrior. Ed. Noel Bennett, Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
- Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. 1970. ISBN 0-330-23219-3.
- Brugge, David M. Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875. Window Rock, Arizona: Reseach Section, The Navajo Tribe. 1968.
- Clarke, Dwight L. (1961). Stephen Watts Kearny: Soldier of the West. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press a
- Downs, James F. (1972). The Navajo. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
- Dyke, Walter. Son of Old Man Hat. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books & University of Nebraska Press. 1967 [1938]. LCCN 44-2654.
- Forbes, Jack D. Apache, Navajo and Spaniard. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 1960. LCCN 60-13480.
- Gilpin, Laura. (1968). The Enduring Navaho. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Gold, Peter. Navajo & Tibetan Sacred Wisdom: The Circle of the Spirit. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International. 1994. ISBN 0-89281-411-X..
- Hammond, George P. and Rey, Agapito (editors) (1940). Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- Henderson, Richard.(1994). 「Replicating Dog Travois Travel on the Northern Plains.」 Plains Anthropologist, V39:145–59
- Iverson, Peter. (2002). Diné: A History of the Navahos. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2714-1
- Kelly, Lawrence (1970). Navajo Roundup, Pruett Pub. Co., Colorado.
- Kluckholm, Clyde & Leighton, Dorothea (1946). The Navaho. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
- Loewen, James. W. (1999). Lies Across America. Pages 100–101; The New Press.
- McNitt, Frank. (1972). Navajo Wars. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- Newcomb, Franc Johnson. Hosteen Klah: Navajo Medicine Man and Sand Painter. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1964. LCCCN 64-20759.
- Plog, Stephen. Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. Thames and London, LTD, London, England, 1997. ISBN 0-500-27939-X.
- Compiled (1973). Roessel, Ruth (editor). Navajo Stories of the Long Walk Period. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press.
- Compiled. Roessel, Ruth, 編. Navajo Livestock Reduction: A National Disgrace. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press. 1974. ISBN 0-912586-18-4.
- Terrell, J. U. (1970). The Navajos.
- Underhill, Ruth M. (1956). The Navahos. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press.
- Witherspoon, Gary. (1977). Language and Art in the Navajo Universe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
外部連結
- [1] 納瓦霍政府網站
- Navajo Tourism {納瓦霍政府旅遊局網站
- Middle Ground Project of Northern Colorado University with images of U.S. documents of treaties and reports 1846–1931
- Navajo People 猶他州旅遊局有關納瓦霍族資料
- A Brief Overview of the Navajo People (as of October 18, 2004)
- Navajo Silversmiths , by Washington Matthews, 1883 from Project Gutenberg
- Navajo Institute for Social Justice
- Navajo Jewelry Information
- Navajo Artcrafts Website created by students of GreyHills Academy High School in Tuba City AZ.
- Navajo weaving
- Historic Collection of Navajo Pictures
- Spanish-Navajo dictionary on line AULEX
- Non-Profit Navajo Arts & Crafts Enterprise
參考文獻
- ↑ 納瓦霍人， 快懂百科
- ↑ 納瓦霍人:納瓦霍人（Navajo ），亦作Navaho。美國印第安居民集，百科知識中文網