纤茎堇菜
纤茎堇菜 |
中文学名:纤茎堇菜 拉丁学名:Viola tenuissima Chang 二名法:Viola tenuissima 界:植物界 门:被子植物门 纲:双子叶植物纲 目:侧膜胎座目 亚 目:山茶亚目 科:堇菜科 属:堇菜属 亚 属:二裂花柱亚属 组:长距堇菜组 |
纤茎堇菜(学名:Viola tenuissima Chang)为堇菜科堇菜属的植物,为中国的特有植物。分布在中国大陆的云南、四川等地,生长于海拔2,900米至3,700米的地区,一般生长在山地林下及阴湿处岩缝中。 [1]
目录
纤茎堇菜形态特征
多年生小草本、高5-7厘米。根状茎短,密被少数鳞片;茎纤细,丝状,无毛,干后稍变绿色。
基生叶通常1枚,具长柄;茎生叶叶片心形,长、宽1-1.5厘米,先端具短的或不明显的渐尖,基部深心形,两侧耳状垂片圆形并常互相重叠,边缘疏生粗锯齿,两面散生白色短柔毛或近无毛,上面绿色,下面带苍白色;叶柄长而纤细,线形,长达5厘米;托叶狭卵形,长2-2.5毫米,边缘近全缘有时疏生不明显的锯齿。
花黄色,单生上部叶腋,具纤细的花梗;花梗线状,长2-3.5厘米,中部以上有2枚小形、条状小苞片;萼片极窄,条形,长约5毫米,宽0.6-1毫米,基部附属物极短呈截形,边缘狭膜质,无毛;
上方花瓣长圆形;长约1厘米,宽约3毫米,侧方花瓣无须毛,较上方花瓣稍长,下方花瓣长倒卵形,长约1厘米,宽4-7毫米,基部有紫色条纹;距长4-5毫米,粗1-1.5毫米,末端变细且钝圆;子房无毛,有红色斑点,花柱长2-2.5毫米,基部膝曲,先端2裂,裂片钝圆。
蒴果略球形,直径约4毫米,表面有红色斑点。 花期6-8月。 [2]
Viola tenuissima Chang in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. n. s. 1 (3): 234. 1949, sphalm. typogr. tenuisissima.
Herbs perennial, small, 5-7 cm tall. Rhizome short, densely covered with few scales. Stems greenish when dry, filiform, slender, glabrous. Basal leaf usually 1, long petiolate; stipules narrowly ovate, 2-2.5 mm, margin subentire or sometimes remotely and inconspicuously serrate; cauline leaf petiole linear, long, to 5 cm, slender; cauline leaf blade abaxially glaucous, adaxially green, cordate, 1-1.5 × 1-1.5 cm, both surfaces sparsely white puberulous or subglabrous, base deeply cordate, lateral auricular lobes rounded and often overlapping, margin remotely and large serrate, apex shortly or inconspicuously acuminate. Flowers solitary in upper leaf axils, yellow; pedicels filiform, 2-3.5 cm, slender, 2-bracteolate above middle; bracteoles linear, small. Sepals very narrow, linear, ca. 5 × 0.6-1 mm, basal auricles very short, glabrous, margin narrowly membranous, apex truncate. Upper petals oblong, ca. 1 × 0.3 cm, lateral ones not barbate, slightly longer than upper ones, anterior one narrowly obovate, ca. 1 cm × 4-7 mm, base purple striate; spur 3-5 mm, 1-1.5 mm in diam., apex small and obtuse. Ovary glabrous, red punctate; styles 2-2.5 mm, base geniculate, apex 2-lobed, lobes obtuse. Capsule subglobose, ca. 4 mm in diam., red punctate. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep.
● Mountain forests, rock crevices in shaded and moist places; 2300-3300 m. N Guizhou, W Sichuan.
辨析
本种植株矮小,叶片小,呈心形并疏生粗锯齿,与四川堇菜 V. szetchwanensis W. Beck. 相似,但距较长极易区别。本种又近似圆叶小堇菜 V. rockiana W. Beck., 但后者叶片圆形,距较短可区别。
纤茎堇菜生长环境
生长于海拔2900-3700米的山地林下或阴湿处岩缝中。