舟蛾科
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中文名:舟蛾科 拉丁學名:Notodontidae 界:動物界 門:節肢動物門 亞 門:六足亞門 綱:昆蟲綱 亞 綱:有翅亞綱 目:鱗翅目 科:舟蛾科 |
舟蛾科，學名 Notodontidae，昆蟲綱鱗翅目的一個科。已知2000多種，中國有370種以上。其中有些是重要的落葉害蟲，主要危害果樹、森林和行道樹。 中國常見的種類如舟形毛蟲(Phalera flavescens Bremer et Grey)，蘋果舟蛾Phalera flavescens (Bremer et Grey) ，楊扇舟蛾Clostera anachoreta (Fabr.)等。 [1]
目錄
舟蛾科形態特徵
舟蛾科昆蟲與鱗翅目夜蛾科很相似。具聽器，前翅M2從中室端部中央伸出，肘脈似3叉式，後緣亞基部經常有鱗簇；後翅Sc+R1與Rs靠近但不接觸，或由一短橫脈相連；喙通常發達，無單眼；鼓膜向下伸，反鼓膜巾位於第1腹節氣門後。
幼蟲圓筒形，或有各種瘤突，臀足經常退化或特化成細突起或刺狀構造。驚動時，抬起身體前、後端凝固不動，以身體中央的4對腹足支撐身體，故稱為「舟形毛蟲」。幼蟲取食多種喬木和灌木，通常有群集性。在繭內或土中化蛹。
舟蛾成蟲體中型，多為褐色或暗灰色，少數潔白或具鮮艷顏色。夜間活動，具趨光性。外表與夜蛾相似，但口器不發達，喙柔弱或退化；無下顎須；下唇須中等大，少數較大或微弱；複眼大，多數無單眼；雄蛾觸角常為雙櫛形；部分櫛齒形或鋸齒形具毛簇，少數為絨形或毛叢形；
雄蛾觸角常與雄蛾異形，一般為線形，但也有同形者；胸部被毛和鱗濃厚，有些屬背面中央有豎立縱行脊形或稱冠形毛簇；鼓膜位於胸腹面一小凹窩內，膜向下；後足脛節有1～2對距；翅形大都與夜蛾相似，少數象天蛾或鈎翅蛾，在許多屬里，前翅後緣中央有一個齒形毛簇或呈月牙形缺刻，缺刻兩側具齒形或梳形毛簇，靜止時兩翅後折成屋脊形，毛簇豎起如角。腹部粗壯，常伸過後翅臀角，有些種類基部背面或末端具毛簇。
幼蟲大多體色鮮艷並具斑紋，體形較特異，體背面平滑，胸足一般正常，少數種類中後足特別長，臀足退化或特化成兩個較長而可翻縮的尾角。靜止時常靠腹足固着，頭尾翹起；受驚時不斷擺動，形如龍舟蕩漾，早有舟形蟲之稱，也是本科漢名的由來。
舟蛾科生活習性
舟蛾幼蟲大多取食闊葉樹樹葉，常發生在森林、防護林、行道樹和苗圃，如楊扇舟蛾、楊二尾舟蛾、榆掌舟蛾、槐羽舟蛾、櫟蠶舟蛾、龍眼蟻舟蛾和黃檀丑舟蛾等。部分種類為害果樹和竹林，如苹掌舟蛾、竹鏤舟蛾和竹篦舟蛾等。少數種類為害禾本科農作物，如高粱舟蛾和豹舟蛾等。
舟蛾科科學分類
Acmeshachia gigantea (Elwes, 1890) 高椋垠舟蛾 Allodontoides tenebrosus (Moore, 1865) 烏雲舟蛾 Benbowia takamukuana (Matsumura, 1934) 綠蟻舟蛾 Besaia nebulosa (Wileman, 1914) 泥蓖舟蛾 Besaia sordida (Wileman, 1914) 瑟蓖舟蛾 Betashachia angustipennis Matsumura, 1925 脈點舟蛾 Bireta albifusa (Wileman, 1910) 黃斜舟蛾 Ceira virgata (Wileman, 1914) 角奚舟蛾 Cerura kandyia tattakana Matsumura, 1927 大新二尾舟蛾 Cerura menciana formosana (Matsumura, 1929) 楊二尾舟蛾 Cerura subrosea Matsumura, 1927 埔里二尾舟蛾 Chadisra bipars Walker, 1862 褐恰舟蛾 Chadisra bipartita (Matsumura, 1925) 壁恰舟蛾 Cleapa latifascia Walker, 1855 黑帶舟蛾 Clostera anachoreta ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775) 閃扇舟蛾 Clostera restituta (Walker, 1865) V紋舟蛾 Cnethodonta grisescens baibarana Matsumura, 1929 灰舟蛾 Curruza frugalis (Leech, 1898) 黃枯舟蛾 Damata formosicola Matsumura, 1929 台鹿舟蛾 Disparia medioalbida (Nakamura, 1973) 靡回舟蛾 Disparia nigrofasciata (Wileman, 1910) 睨回舟蛾 Disparia variegata (Wileman, 1910) 回舟蛾 Dudusa nobilis Walker, 1865 著蕊尾周蛾 Dudusa sphingiformis Moore, 1872 黑蕊尾舟蛾 Dudusa synopla Swinhoe, 1907 黃蕊尾舟蛾 Eguria ornata (Oberthur, 1884) 銹玫舟蛾 Euhampsonia formosana (Matsumura, 1925) 黃星凹緣舟蛾 Eushachia aurata (Moore, 1879) 金舟蛾 Fentonia baibarana Matsumura, 1929 眉原紛舟蛾 Fentonia crenulata Matsumura, 1922 埔里紛舟蛾 Fentonia macroparabolica Nakamura, 1973 墨紛舟蛾 Fentonia parabolica (Matsumura, 1925) 漣紛舟蛾 Formofentonia orbifer rotundata Matsumura, 1925 圓紛舟蛾 Ginshachia gemmifera (Moore, 1877) 銀紋舟蛾 Harpyia microsticta (Hampson, ) 中角斑舟蛾 Hexafrenum leucodera (Staudinger, 1887) 明白頸異齒舟蛾 Hexafrenum maculifer Matsumura, 1925 斑白頸異齒舟蛾 Higena plumigera Matsumura, 1925 希舟蛾 Himenopteryx yui Okano, 1887 麗斑舟蛾 Hiradonta angustipennis Nakatomi et Kishida, 1984 黯齒舟蛾 Hupodonta lignea Matsumura, 1920 木紋鋸舟蛾 Hupodonta pulcherrima (Moore, 1865) 木紋笏舟蛾 Hyperaeschrella kosemponica (Strand, 1916) 甲仙舟蛾 Liparopsis postalbida Hampson, 薄翅舟蛾 Lophocosma geniculatum Matsumura, 1929 膝冠舟蛾 Lophontosia fusca Okano, 1960 霧社冠齒舟蛾 Mesophalera sigmata (Butler, 1877) 間掌舟蛾 Metriaeschra apatela Kiriakoff, 1963 暗波舟蛾 Micromelalopha baibarana Matsumura, 1929 白線紋小舟蛾 Microphalera yoshimotoi Kishida, 1984 褐斑槭舟蛾 Mimopydna essa kishidai Schintlmeister, 1989 波點舟蛾 Neocerura liturata (Walker, 1855) 新二尾舟蛾 Neodrymonia acuminata (Matsumura, 1929) 灰摩舟蛾 Neodrymonia marginalis (Matsumura, 1925) 瑪摩舟蛾 Neodrymonia seriatopunctata (Matsumura, 1925) 狄舟蛾 Neopheosia fasciata (Moore, 1888) 雲舟蛾 Netria viridescens Walker, 1855 梭舟蛾 Norracoides basinotatus (Wileman, 1915) 朴娜舟蛾 Notodonta griseotincta Wileman, 1910 褐斑舟蛾 Pantherinus bipunctatus (Okano, 1960) 四星潘舟蛾 Peridea graeseri tayal Kishida, 1986 赭小內斑舟蛾 Peridea moorei Hampson, 星內斑舟蛾 Peridea oberthueri (Staudinger, 1892) 灰內斑舟蛾 Periergos magna (Matsumura, 1920) 皮舟蛾 Phalera angustipennis Matsumura, 1919 榆掌舟蛾 Phalera combusta (Walker, 1855) 劍紋舟蛾 Phalera flavescens (Bremer et Grey, 1852) 苹掌舟蛾 Phalera formosicola Matsumura, 1934 台掌舟蛾 Phalera obscura Wileman, 1910 雙星暗舟蛾 Phalera takasagoensis Matsumura, 1919 高砂掌舟蛾 Phalerodonta manleyi (Leech, 1889) 曼蠶舟蛾 Pheosia taiwanognoma Nakamura, 1973 台劍舟蛾 Pheosiopsis cinerea formosana (Okano, 1959) 麗夙舟蛾 Pheosiopsis lusciniola (Nakamura, 1973) 眉簇舟蛾 Polystictina maculata (Moore, 1879) 波斑舟蛾 Pseudofentonia argentifera (Moore, 1866) 三波舟蛾 Pseudosomera noctuiformis Bender et Steiniger, 1984 Pulia albimaculata (Okano, 1958) 蕈紋埔舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera cyanea (Leech, 1889) 青胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera nigribasalis (Wileman, 1910) 雲紋胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera perdix (Moore, 1879) 台娃舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera pryeri (Leech, 1889) 黑內角舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera subgeneris ( Strand, 1916) 灰胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera umbrosa Matsumura, 1927 齒紋胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera viridimacula Matsumura, 1922 白斑胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera viridipicta (Wileman, 1910) 苔胯白舟蛾 Rabtala cristata (Butler, 1877) 黃二星舟蛾 Rachia nodyna (Swinhoe, 1907) 枯峭舟蛾 Ramesa albistriga (Moore, 1879) 豹舟蛾 Ramesa tosta Walker, 1855 姬豹舟蛾 Semidonta basalis (Moore, 1865) 槭半齒舟蛾 Shaka mushana Matsumura, 1920 霧社沙舟蛾 Somera viridifusca taiwana Schintlmeister, 1981 瑟舟蛾 Spatalia dives Oberthur, 1884 麗金舟蛾 Stauropus alternus Walker, 1855 龍眼蟻舟蛾 Stauropus basalis usuguronis Matsumura, 1934 褐帶蟻舟蛾 Stauropus sikkimensis lushanus Okano, 1960 廬山蟻舟蛾 Stauropus teikichianus Matsumura, 1929 台蟻舟蛾 Struba inconspicua (Wileman, 1914) 黃舟蛾 Tarsolepis fulgurifera Walker, 1858 大銀斑舟蛾 Tarsolepis japonica Wileman & South, 1917 肖劍心銀斑舟蛾 Tarsolepis taiwana Wileman, 1910 台灣銀斑舟蛾 Tensha striatella Matsumura, 1925 天社舟蛾 Togaritensha curvilinea (Wileman, 1911) 黃斑舟蛾 Torigea formosana Nakamura, 1973 點線舟蛾 Urodonta arcuata Alpheraky, 1897 烏卵舟蛾 Uropyia meticulodina (Oberthur, 1884) 核桃美舟蛾 Vaneeckeia pallidifascia centrobrunnea (Matsumura, 1927) 褐丸舟蛾