西盟蘑芋

西盟蘑芋

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中文学名:西盟磨芋 拉丁学名:Amorphophallus krausei Engler 界:植物界 门:被子植物门 Angiospermae 纲:单子叶植物纲 Monocotyledoneae 亚 纲:棕榈亚纲 目:天南星目 Arales 科:天南星科 Araceae 族:磨芋族 Trib. Pythonieae 属:魔芋属 分布区域:分布于云南省

西盟蘑芋(xī méng mó yù，学名 Amorphophallus krausei Engler)，草本，有球形块茎；叶为叉指状复叶，于花后抽出，阔大；花序高大，上部的为雄花，下部的为雌花；开时发出一种奇臭；佛焰苞大；肉穗花序内藏或突出顶有大的附属体；花单性，无花被；雄花有雄蕊1—3—6个；雌花：子房1—4室，胚珠单生；浆果肉质，有种子1—4颗。分布于云南省。

目录

植物形态

Amorphophallus sutepensis Gagnepain; A. ximengensis H. Li.

Tuber dirty pale yellowish, brownish, or orangish, yellow inside, globose, sometimes slightly subcylindric, with a deep central depression, 4-8 cm high (or more), 5-25 cm in diam., weighing up to 750 g (?or more), seasonally developing several offsets; offsets rhizomatous, long and thin, 2-27 × 0.4-1 cm, apically slightly thickened or not.

原图链接 来自植物标本馆

Leaf solitary; cataphylls 3, to 25 cm, proximally pale pink, distally grading into off-white, covered with pale blackish green, elongate spots; petiole background color pale green, at base often pale pink or with a reddish brown or reddish hue, with many smaller and larger, partly or nearly entirely confluent, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, blackish green or paler green or rarely reddish brown spots and several small, white dots, intensity of color and extension of pattern variable, 20-190 cm, 1-5 cm in diam. at base, glabrous;

原图链接 来自植物标本馆

原图链接 来自植物标本馆

leaf blade 100-200 cm in diam.; rachises broadly winged; leaflets paler green abaxially, green or grayish green adaxially, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, more rarely elliptic, 11-48 × 2-11 cm, base decurrent, apex acuminate. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle colored as petiole but smaller, 25-100 cm, 0.8-2 cm in diam. at base.

Spathe erect, convolute at base, outside pale green, toward base slightly darker, inside pale yellowish green, base sometimes ± maroon, cymbiform, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 11-40 × 6-26 cm, basal convolute part 4-6 cm, base inside with many small, slightly elongate or irregularly ridge-shaped warts, apex acute-acuminate.

Spadix developing considerable heat at female anthesis and producing a heavy, gaseous, nauseating stench, yellowish white or pale green, nearly as long as spathe, rarely distinctly shorter or slightly longer, 8-35 cm; flowers unisexual, naked; female zone cylindric or slightly obconic, 0.6-5 cm, 0.6-2.3 cm in diam. (including styles), flowers congested;

ovary pale green, occasionally pale magenta-purple near style base, globose or slightly depressed, 1.5-2 mm high, 2-2.5 mm in diam., 1-loculed (rarely ?2-loculed), with 1 basal ovule; style green or magenta-purple, cylindric or conic, 1-2 mm; stigma globose or semiglobose, ca. 1 mm in diam., entire or with a shallow central depression or shallowly 2- or 3-lobed;

lobes pale yellowish white, yellow, or brownish, rounded, scabrous, margin sinuous; sterile zone between female and male zones rarely absent, cylindric, 0.6-2 × 0.8-1.8 cm, staminodes congested; appendix fusiform or fusiform-conic, sometimes slightly laterally compressed, 3-17 × 0.9-5 cm, sometimes with a small stipelike part, glabrous, apex rounded or ± acute, base occasionally stipelike, at base sometimes with a few rounded staminodes or staminodal remnants, separated by small grooves;

staminodes often with a droplet as on connectives at female anthesis, ivory-white or creamy orange, occasionally flushed with pale purple, ovate or diamond-shaped in cross section, semiglobose, 1-4.5 × 1-3.1 mm in cross section; male zone cylindric-fusiform or slightly obconic, sometimes slightly laterally compressed, 3.5-13 × 0.8-3 cm, flowers congested; male flowers consisting of (1-)3 or 4(or 5) stamens, ivory-white;

stamens 2-2.2 mm high; filaments short, 0.75-1 mm, thick, connate, in lowermost flowers greatly enlarged and with reduced thecae, grading into staminodes; anthers with a rounded apex or subtruncate, 1-1.3 mm high, 1-1.75 mm in diam.; pores apical, elongate; connectives often with a clear, slightly sticky droplet at female anthesis.

Infructescence cylindric, ca. 10 cm. Berries 1-seeded (rarely ?2-seeded), bright red, ca. 1 cm. Seeds silvery gray with small, black dots, elliptic-ovoid, 6-9 × 3-5 mm. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Nov-Dec.

分类文献

Shaded to open, often fire-prone, places in mixed primary evergreen/deciduous forests and deciduous dipterocarp forests, forest margins, bamboo thickets, on granite bedrock, sometimes near streams, lowlands; below 1500 m. Yunnan [Bangladesh, Laos, N Myanmar, N Thailand].

辨析

This species is used as a food resource by ethnic minorities in China (H. Li, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 6: 212. 1988, under Amorphophallus ximengensis).This species is used as a food resource by ethnic minorities in China (H. Li, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 6: 212. 1988, under Amorphophallus ximengensis).

魔芋属属内物种

本章节的物种列表主要整理自于英国邱园植物名称检索名录（World Checklist of Selected Plant Families） 。部分物种名称前标注的星号（“*”）表示该名称在中国植物志中有记载，但经过后来的修订，可能已经降为异名或名称位置未定；现接受名及出处见括号内文字及参考资料。

Amorphophallus aberrans Hett. Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A. Rich.) N.E. Br. Amorphophallus adamsensis L.M.Magtoto, D.G.Mones, K.A.Ballada, C.M.Austria, R.M.Dizon, W.V.Alangui, A.A.Reginaldo, W.M.Galvan, K.T.Dizon & Het Amorphophallus albispathus Hett. Amorphophallus albus P.Y.Liu & J.F.Chen 白蘑芋 Amorphophallus amygdaloides Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus andranogidroensis Hett. & Mangelsdorff Amorphophallus angolensis (Welw. ex Schott) N.E. Br. Amorphophallus angulatus Hett. & A.Vogel Amorphophallus angustispathus Hett. Amorphophallus ankarana Hett., Ittenbach & Bogner Amorphophallus annulifer Hett. Amorphophallus antsingyensis Bogner, Hett. & Ittenbach Amorphophallus aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch. 　　 Amorphophallus arcuspadix A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt 　　 Amorphophallus asper (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus asterostigmatus Bogner & Hett. Amorphophallus atrorubens Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus atroviridis Hett. Amorphophallus bangkokensis Gagnep. 天心壶（*该物种名称在中国植物志中写作“A. bankokensis Gagn.”；Flora of China将此物种修订为疣柄魔芋A. paeoniifolius的异名） Amorphophallus barbatus A.Galloway & Ongsakul Amorphophallus barthlottii Ittenb. & Lobin Amorphophallus baumannii (Engl.) N.E. Br. Amorphophallus beccarii Engl. Amorphophallus bequaertii De Wild. Amorphophallus bhandarensis S.R.Yadav, Kahalkar & Bhuskute Amorphophallus bognerianus Sivad. & Jaleel Amorphophallus bolikhamxayensis A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt Amorphophallus bonaccordensis Sivad. & N.Mohanan Amorphophallus borneensis (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus boyceanus Hett. Amorphophallus brachyphyllus Hett. Amorphophallus brevipetiolatus A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt Amorphophallus brevispathus Gagnep. Amorphophallus bubenensis J.T.Yin & Hett. Amorphophallus bufo Ridl. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume 珠芽魔芋 Amorphophallus calabaricus N.E. Br. Amorphophallus canaliculatus Ittenb. Amorphophallus carneus Ridl. Amorphophallus chlorospathus Kurz ex Hook.f. Amorphophallus cicatricifer Hett. Amorphophallus cirrifer Stapf Amorphophallus claudelii A.Galloway & Ongsakul Amorphophallus coaetaneus S.Y.Liu & S.J.Wei 桂平蘑芋 Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. Amorphophallus consimilis Blume Amorphophallus corrugatus N.E.Br. 田阳蘑芋 Amorphophallus costatus Hett. Amorphophallus coudercii (Bogner) Bogner Amorphophallus crispifolius A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt Amorphophallus croatii Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus cruddasianus Prain Amorphophallus curvistylis Hett. Amorphophallus dactylifer Hett. Amorphophallus declinatus Hett. Amorphophallus decus-silvae Backer & Alderw. Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. Amorphophallus dracontioides (Engl.) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus dunnii Tutcher 南蛇棒 Amorphophallus dzui Hett. Amorphophallus eburneus Bogner Amorphophallus echinatus Bogner & Mayo Amorphophallus eichleri (Engl.) Hook.f. Amorphophallus elatus Hook.f. Amorphophallus elegans Ridl. Amorphophallus elliottii Hook.f. Amorphophallus erythrororrhachis Hett. Amorphophallus excentricus Hett. Amorphophallus fallax (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel Amorphophallus ferruginosus A.Galloway Amorphophallus flotoi (S.Y.Hu) ined. Amorphophallus forbesii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus fuscus Hett. Amorphophallus galbra F.M.Bailey Amorphophallus gallaensis (Engl.) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus gallowayi Hett.

• Amorphophallus gigantiflorus Hayata 大磨芋（现接受名：A. paeoniifolius，疣柄磨芋 [4-5] ）

Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm. & Binn. Amorphophallus glaucophyllus Hett. & Serebryanyi Amorphophallus gliruroides Engl. Amorphophallus glossophyllus Hett. Amorphophallus goetzei (Engl.) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus gomboczianus Pic.Serm. Amorphophallus gracilior Hutch. Amorphophallus gracilis Engl. Amorphophallus haematospadix Hook.f. Amorphophallus harmandii Engl. & Gehrm Amorphophallus hayi Hett. 红河蘑芋 Amorphophallus hemicryptus Hett. & J.F.Maxwell Amorphophallus henryi N.E.Br., J. Linn. Soc. 台湾磨芋 Amorphophallus hetterscheidii Ittenb. & Lobin Amorphophallus hewittii Alderw. Amorphophallus hildebrandtii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus hirsutus Teijsm. & Binn. Amorphophallus hirtus N.E.Br., J. Linn. Soc. 硬毛磨芋 Amorphophallus hohenackeri (Schott) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus hottae Bogner & Hett. Amorphophallus impressus Ittenb. Amorphophallus incurvatus Alderw. Amorphophallus infundibuliformis Hett. Amorphophallus interruptus Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus johnsonii N.E.Br. Amorphophallus josefbogneri Hett. Amorphophallus julaihii Ipor, Tawan & P.C.Boyce Amorphophallus juliae P.C.Boyce & Hett. Amorphophallus kachinensis Engl. & Gehrm. 勐海蘑芋 Amorphophallus khammouanensis A.Galloway Amorphophallus kienluongensis V.D.Nguyen, Luu & Hett. Amorphophallus kiusianus (Makino) Makino 东亚蘑芋 Amorphophallus konjac K.Koch 花蘑芋 Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett. Amorphophallus koratensis Gagnep. Amorphophallus krausei Engl. 西盟蘑芋 Amorphophallus kuznetsovii (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel Amorphophallus lacourii Linden & André Amorphophallus lambii Mayo & Widjaja Amorphophallus lanceolatus (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel, Amorphophallus lanuginosus Hett. Amorphophallus laoticus Hett. Amorphophallus lewallei Malaisse & Bamps Amorphophallus linearis Gagnep. Amorphophallus linguiformis Hett. Amorphophallus longicomus Hett. & Serebryanyi Amorphophallus longiconnectivus Bogner Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus longistylus Kurz ex Hook.f. Amorphophallus longituberosus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Amorphophallus lunatus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus luzoniensis Merr. Amorphophallus lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth Amorphophallus macrophyllus (Gagnep. ex Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel Amorphophallus macrorhizus Craib

• Amorphophallus mairei H.Lév. 东川磨芋 （现接受名：Amorphophallus konjac ，花蘑芋）

Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii Bogner Amorphophallus manta Hett. & Ittenbach Amorphophallus margaritifer (Roxb.) Kunth Amorphophallus margretae Ittenb. Amorphophallus maximus (Engl.) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus maxwellii Hett. Amorphophallus mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm. 湄公磨芋

• Amorphophallus mellii Engl. 蛇枪头 （现接受名：A. dunnii，南蛇棒 ）

Amorphophallus merrillii K.Krause

• Amorphophallus microappendiculatus Engl. 灰斑磨芋 （现接受名：A. paeoniifolius， 疣柄磨芋）

Amorphophallus mildbraedii K.Krause Amorphophallus minor Ridl. Amorphophallus mossambicensis (Schott ex Garcke) N.E.Br. Amorphophallus muelleri Blume Amorphophallus mullendersii Malaisse & Bamps Amorphophallus myosuroides Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus mysorensis E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. Amorphophallus napalensis (Wall.) Bogner & Mayo Amorphophallus napiger Gagnep. Amorphophallus natolii Hett., Wistuba, V.B.Amoroso, Medecilo & Claudel Amorphophallus niahensis P.C.Boyce & Hett. Amorphophallus nicolaii Hett. Amorphophallus nicolsonianus Sivadasan

• Amorphophallus niimurai Yamam. 白毛磨芋 （现接受名：A. henryi，台湾磨芋；种加词亦拼作“niimurae” ）

Amorphophallus obovoideus Alderw. Amorphophallus obscurus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus ochroleucus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen

• Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook.f. 香港磨芋 （现接受名：A. muelleri ，弥勒魔芋 /缅甸魔芋 ）

Amorphophallus ongsakulii Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus operculatus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus opertus Hett. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Amorphophallus palawanensis Bogner & Hett. Amorphophallus paucisectus Alderw. Amorphophallus pendulus Bogner & Mayo Amorphophallus perakensis Engl. Amorphophallus perrieri Hett. & Wahlert Amorphophallus pilosus Hett. Amorphophallus plicatus Bok & H.J.Lam Amorphophallus polyanthus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus prainii Hook.f. Amorphophallus preussii (Engl.) N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.) Amorphophallus prolificus Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus pulchellus Hett. & Schuit. Amorphophallus purpurascens Kurz ex Hook.f. Amorphophallus pusillus Hett. & Serebryanyi Amorphophallus putii Gagnep. Amorphophallus pygmaeus Hett. Amorphophallus ranchanensis Ipor, A.Simon & Meekiong Amorphophallus reflexus Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus rhizomatosus Hett. Amorphophallus richardsiae Ittenb.

• Amorphophallus rivierei Durand ex Carrière 磨芋 （现接受名：A. konjac，花蘑芋 ；种加词亦拼作“rivieri” [12-14] ）

Amorphophallus rostratus Hett. Amorphophallus rugosus Hett. & A.L.Lamb Amorphophallus sagittarius Steenis Amorphophallus salmoneus Hett. Amorphophallus saraburensis Gagnep. Amorphophallus saururus Hett. Amorphophallus scaber Serebryanyi & Hett. Amorphophallus schmidtiae Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus scutatus Hett. & T.C.Chapm. Amorphophallus serrulatus Hett. & A.Galloway Amorphophallus shyamsalilianus J.V.Gadpay.

• Amorphophallus sinensis Belval 疏毛磨芋 （现接受名：A. kiusianus，东亚蘑芋 ）

Amorphophallus sinuatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen Amorphophallus sizemoreae Hett. Amorphophallus smithsonianus Sivadasan Amorphophallus sparsiflorus Hook.f. Amorphophallus spectabilis (Miq.) Engl. in A.L.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle Amorphophallus staudtii (Engl.) N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.)

• Amorphophallus stipitatus Engl.梗序磨芋 （名称位置未定 ）

Amorphophallus stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr. Amorphophallus subcymbiformis Alderw. Amorphophallus sumawongii (Bogner) Bogner & Mayo Amorphophallus suwidjianus Ipor, Tawan & Meekiong Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth Amorphophallus symonianus Hett. & Sizemore Amorphophallus synandrifer Hett. & V.D.Nguyen Amorphophallus taurostigma Ittenb. Amorphophallus tenuispadix Hett. Amorphophallus tenuistylis Hett. Amorphophallus terrestris Hett. & Claudel Amorphophallus teuszii (Engl.) Mottet Amorphophallus thaiensis (S.Y.Hu) Hett. Amorphophallus tinekeae Hett. & A.Vogel Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm. in H.G.A.Engler 东京蘑芋 Amorphophallus tuberculatus Hett. & V.D.Nguyen Amorphophallus variabilis Blume 野磨芋 Amorphophallus venustus Hett. Amorphophallus verticillatus Hett.

• Amorphophallus virosus N.E.Br. 疣柄磨芋 （现接受名：A. paeoniifolius，疣柄磨芋 ；拉丁文名改变，中文名未变）

Amorphophallus vogelianus Hett. & Billensteiner Amorphophallus xiei H.Li & Z.L.Dao 谢君蘑芋 Amorphophallus yuloensis H.Li 攸乐蘑芋 Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engl. 滇磨芋 Amorphophallus zenkeri (Engl.) N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.)

魔芋属检索表

魔芋属 1肉穗花序长圆锥形，伸出佛焰苞外，比佛焰苞远长或近等长；花序柄伸长。(2)

1肉穗花序粗短，长度短于或等于佛焰苞。(8) 2附属器多少被毛，柱头、2浅裂，子房2室。(3)毛磨芋组 2附属器无毛。(5)磨芋组 3子房花柱缺；附属器散生长约10毫米的紫色硬毛，长14-16厘米；佛焰苞檐部卵状长圆形，边缘波状，外面淡绿色具白色斑块。疏毛磨芋 3子房有明显的花柱（长1-3毫米）。(4) 4附属器密被紫色硬毛，长32厘米；佛焰苞檐部卵形，绿色。硬毛磨芋 4附属器疏被白色的毛，长25厘米；佛焰苞檐部宽心形，苍白色，内面紫色。白毛磨芋 5柱头全缘，头状，花柱短于子房，附属器长12-31厘米。佛焰苞深紫色。台湾磨芋 5柱头多少分裂。(6) 6花柱短于子房；佛焰苞外面具斑块，边缘玫红色，内面白色。野磨芋 6花柱长度等于或长于子房。(7) 7花柱长于子房；佛焰苞不具斑块。东川磨芋 7花柱与子房等长，长约2毫米；佛焰苞浅绿色，具暗绿色斑块，边缘内面紫红色。磨芋 8附属器短圆锥状，长宽几相等；花柱比子房长，柱头深裂。(9)短柄组 8附属器多少伸长，长度胜于宽度，圆锥形至卵状圆锥形。(12)磨芋组 9佛焰苞中部收缩；中部以上斜钟形，灰绿色，具淡灰色斑块；附属器小，圆锥状，长1.5厘米，基部粗1.2厘米，黄色，叶柄具疣粗糙。灰斑磨芋 9佛焰苞钟状扩展，中部不收缩；附属器肥大，高5厘米以上。(10) 10花序柄及叶柄光滑，玫红色；佛焰苞绿色，边缘褐色；附属器近球形，高5厘米，顶部扁平。天心壶 10花序柄及叶柄具疣或皱纹。(11) 11佛焰苞外面绿色，具紫色条纹和绿白色斑块；附属器圆锥形，青紫色，长7-12厘米，基部直径与长度几相等；柱头2裂。疣柄磨芋 11佛焰苞外面淡绿带紫色，有白色圆形斑块，中部以上紫色；附属器圆锥状扁球形，长6厘米，径19-20厘米，深紫色；柱头3裂。大磨芋 12叶柄顶头无珠芽。(13) 12叶柄顶头及叶片1次裂片近基部有珠芽；肉穗花序长于佛焰苞。(17) 13子房无花柱，柱头全缘；肉穗花序无梗，附属器钝圆锥状，长（2.2-）4.5厘米，粗1.2厘米。湄公磨芋 13花柱明显，肉穗花序多少具梗。(14) 14佛焰苞长度等于或短于肉穗花序；附属器细长，长圆锥形或长纺锤形，长5.5-8厘米，粗0.7-1.4厘米。蛇枪头 14佛焰苞长于肉穗花序。(15) 15肉穗花序具长达2厘米的梗；佛焰苞长圆形，长12厘米，宽4-4.5厘米，苍白色；圆锥状附属器长5厘米，粗1.25厘米，苍白色。梗序磨芋 15肉穗花序梗长在1.3厘米以下，有时近无梗；佛焰苞绿色，纸质或膜质。(16) 16附属器粗短，近圆柱形或三角状卵圆形，长3.8-5.0厘米，宽1.6-2.5厘米。滇磨芋 16附属器长大，长圆锥形或纺锤形，长4.5-14厘米，中下部粗1.5-6厘米，绿色黄白色。南蛇棒 17佛焰苞绿色、绿白色，具桔红色斑块；附属器金黄色，长圆锥形，长9厘米。香港磨芋 17佛焰苞外面粉红带绿色，内面下部红色，上部黄绿色；附属器绿色，圆锥形，长5-8厘米，粗2-2.5厘米。珠芽磨芋

魔芋属主要价值

本属一些植物块茎可加工成磨芋豆腐（又称褐腐）供疏食。如磨芋干片含淀粉42.05%，淀粉的膨胀力可大至80-100倍，粘着力强，可用作浆纱、造纸、瓷器或建筑等的胶粘剂。 块茎入药能解毒消肿，灸后健胃，消饱胀。治流火、疔疮、无名肿毒、瘰疬、眼睛蛇咬伤、烫火伤、间日疟、乳痈、腹中痞块、疔癀高烧、疝气等。全株有毒，以块茎为最，中毒后舌、喉灼热、痒痛、肿大。民间用醋加姜汁少许，内服或含嗽，可以解救。亦有些具有观赏价值。