語態
語態，是動詞的一種形式，用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關係。常見語態有主動語態、被動語態和中間語態。
| 語態 | |
|---|---|
英語的語態共有兩種:主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態是動詞的一種特殊形式，一般說來，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態。[1]
漢語往往用"被"、"受"、"給"等被動詞來表示被動意義。被動語態由"助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞"構成。被動語態的時態變化只改變be的形式，過去分詞部分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化也如此。所以，語態的改變意味着句子的改變。[2]
目錄
中間語態
某些語言(比如梵語、冰島語和古希臘語)有中間語態。中間語態在主動語態和被動語態的中間，因為主語不能被歸類為主動者或被動者但有二者的要素。表現得主動但表達被動行動的不及物動詞刻畫了英語中的中間語態。例如，在"The casserole cooked in the oven"，在語法上主動但在語義上被動，屬於中間語態。
在古希臘語中，中間語態經常是反身的，指示主語做關於自身或為了自身的行動，比如"The boy washes himself"或"The boy washes"。它可以是及物動詞也可以是不及物動詞。它偶爾用在使役性意義上，比如"The father causes his son to be set free"或"The father ransoms his son"。
拉丁語中的很多異相動詞代表了倖存的原始印歐語中間語態;其中很多在羅曼語言如法語和西班牙語中倖存為強制性偽-反身動詞。
被動語態
拉丁語
拉丁語的被動表現完全符合屈折語的特徵，即採用動詞的一個特定變形(inflection)。例如:"poemam legit" 他讀詩歌。"poema legitur"詩歌被他讀。
英語
屈折特徵已經退化的英語使用迂迴方式表現被動態。也就是並非利用動詞的某一形式來表現被動，而是使用若干詞彙的組合來形成被動態表現。具體地說，是由 be 助動詞和主動詞的過去分詞組合而成。
漢語
參見:把字句、被字句及主謂短語
漢語對被動態的使用具有兩個特徵:
1、作為孤立語，單純地使用主賓易位和助詞"被"來實現被動;
2、作為主題優勢語言，漢語對被動態的使用相對於印歐語言比較謹慎。例文: 主動:狗咬了這個男人。 被動:這個男人被狗咬了。
日語
日語使用黏着的方式，通過在動詞後附着被動助動詞"れる･られる"(現代日語)或"る"(古典日語)來表現被動。但是由於日語也是主題優勢語言，賓語出現在一個語法上為主動句的主語位置的情況也經常能見到。另外，日語還存在一種稱為受害態的特殊被動表現。
其他語態
反被動語態
省去或忽視被動者，通常用於作-通格語言中。在某些主-賓格語言也有應用。
應動語態
增加動詞配價的語態。通常是把非主、謂語論元變為謂語論元。
英語語態概念
英語語法--動詞的語態
1動詞的語態
語態有兩種:主動語態和被動語態。
主語是動作的發出者為主動語態;主語是動作的接受者為被動語態。
1)若賓語補足語是不帶to 的不定式，變為被動語態 時，該不定式前要加"to"。此類動詞為感官動詞。
feel， hear， help， listen to， look at， make， observe， see， notice， watch
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2)情態動詞+ be +過去分詞，構成被動語態。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
1 let 的用法
1)當let後只有一個單音節動詞，變被動語態時，可用不帶to 的不定式。
They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
2) 若let 後賓補較長時，let 通常不用被動語態，而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
短語動詞的被動語態
短語動詞是一個整體，不可丟掉後面的介詞或副詞。
This is a photo of the power station that has been set up inmy hometown.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before..
表示"據說"或"相信" 的詞組
believe， consider， declare， expect， feel ， report， say，see， suppose， think， understand
It is said that… 據說 It is reported that… 據報道 It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望 It is well known that… 眾所周知 It is thought that… 大家認為 It is suggested that… 據建議 It is taken granted that… 被視為當然 It has been decided that… 大家決定 It must be rememberedthat…務必記住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 不用被動語態的情況
1) 不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態:
appear， die disappear， end (vi. 結束)， fail， happen， last， lie，remain， sit， spread， stand，break out， come true， fall asleep， keep silence， lose heart，take place.
After the fire， very little remained of my house.
比較: rise， fall， happen是不及物動詞;raise， seat是及物動詞。
(錯) The price has been risen.
(對) The price has risen.
(錯) The accident was happened last week.
(對) The accident happened last week.
(錯) The price has raised.
(對) The price has been raised.
(錯) Please seat.
(對) Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動語態，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學習過程中多留意積累。
2) 不能用於被動語態的及物動詞或動詞短語:
fit， have， hold， marry， own， wish， cost， notice， watch，agree with， arrive at / in， shake hands with， succeedin， suffer from， happen to， take part in， walk into， belong to
This key just fits the lock.
這把鑰匙只適合於這把鎖。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
你的故事與聽說的相符。
3) 系動詞無被動語態:
appear， be become， fall， feel， get， grow， keep， look，remain， seem， smell， sound， stay， taste， turn
It sounds good. 聽起來很好。
4) 帶同源賓語的及物動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用於被動語態:die， death， dream， live， life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
她昨晚做了個噩夢。
5) 當賓語是不定式時，很少用於被動語態。
(對) She likes to swim. 她喜愛游泳。
(錯) To swim is liked by her.
主動形式表示被動意義
1)wash， clean， cook， iron， look， cut， sell， read，wear， feel， draw， write， sell， drive…
The book sells well.
這本書銷路好。
This knife cuts easily.
這刀子很好用。
2)blame， let(出租)， remain， keep， rent， build
I was to blame for the accident.
我對這起事故負責。
Much work remains.
還有大量工作要做。
3) 在need， require， want， worth (形容詞)， deserve後的動名詞必須用主動形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to berepaired. 門需要修了。
This room needs cleaning. 這房間應該打掃一下。
This book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。
4) 特殊結構:make sb. heard / understood (使別人能聽見/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。
被動形式表示主動意義
be determined， be pleased， be graduated (from)， be finished，be prepared (for)， be occupied (in)， get marries
He is graduated from a famous university.
他畢業於一所有名的大學。
注意: 表示同某人結婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
他娶了一個有錢的女孩。
He got married to a rich girl.
他娶了一個有錢的女孩。
7 need/want/require/worth
注意:當 need， want， require， worth(形容詞)後面接doing也可以表示被動。
Your hair wants cutting.
你的頭髮該理了。
The floor requires washing.
地板需要衝洗。
The book is worth reading.
這本書值得一讀。
主動語態與被動語態有時相互不能轉換
從語法理論來說，主動語態與被動語態可以相互轉換(通常不會引起句子意義的變化);但在實際使用中，它們有時卻受到主語、謂語、賓語以及語義、語用、語境、語體、邏輯和慣用法等的限制，而不能相互轉換。
不能轉換為被動語態的幾種情況
主動句並不意味着一定要有一個相對應的被動句不可，有時主動語態不能轉換為被動語態。這主要有下列幾種情況:
1.英國著名學者邁克爾·斯旺先生在2005年出版的《實用英語用法》(第3版)一書中指出，表示狀態的及物動詞不能用於被動語態。例如:
(a)My shoes don't fit me.
(p)*I'm not fitted by my shoes.
(a)They have a nice house.
(p)*A nice house is had by them.
如果詞義有不同，則可以用於被動語態:
(a)They fitted new seat covers on their car.
(p)New seat covers were fitted on their car.
表示狀態的及物動詞還有abide， befall， cost， fail， hold， lack， possess， resemble， suit， want等。在下面的句子中，也沒有相應的被動語態:
(a)He turned the corner.
(p)*The corner was turned by him.
2.以反身代詞為賓語的動詞(即反身動詞)一般不能用於被動語態。例如:
(a)He praises himself.
(p)*Himself is praised by him.
但可以轉換為He is praised by himself.可以用作反身動詞的還有apply， behave， conduct， deny， enjoy， forget， help， introduce， occupy， pride， seat， teach等。當動詞的賓語為相互代詞時，也不能用於被動語態:
(a)We must help each other.
(p)*Each other must be helped by us.
3.賓語前有與主語相同的物主形容詞時，一般不能轉換為被動句。例如:
(a)The teacher shook his head.
(p)*His head was shaken by the teacher.
但把物主代詞改為定冠詞時，就可以用於被動語態:
(a)The pilot ditched his plane.
(p)The plane was ditched by the pilot.
不能轉換為主動語態的幾種情況
同樣，被動句也並不意味着一定要有一個相對應的主動句不可， 有時被動語態不能轉換為主動語態。這主要有下列幾種情況:
1.中國著名學者周海中先生在1986年發表的《英語語態轉換簡論》(下篇)一文中指出，某些句子結構習慣上只用被動語態，這時就不能轉換為主動語態。例如:
All bodies are made up of atoms.
My advice was thrown away upon him.
這種被動結構還有be alleged， be bound up with， be done up， be grown over， be knocked up， be held up， be inclined， be lost on， be obliged to， be posted， be rumored to， be said to， be transported， be wound up等。
2.以代詞it作形式主語的被動句，一般不能轉換為主動句。例如:
It is known that sound is a form of energy.
It was rumored that the confidential documents had been found.
3.當被動句的施動者沒有表示出來時，不能轉換為主動句。例如:
Albert Einstein was born in 1879.
Manfred was killed in the Second World War.
如果改成主動句時加上一個施動者(如they， someone等)，就會有損原句的意思。
摺疊編輯本段典型例題 The library needs___， but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need (實意) +n /to do，need (情態)+ do，當為被動語態時，還可need + doing. 本題考最後一種用法，選A。如有tobe clean 則也為正確答案。
典:done，"不可能已經"。must not do 不可以(用於一般現在時)。
一、 被動語態的用法:
一般現在時的被動語態構成:is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 一般過去時的被動語態構成:was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 現在完成時的被動語態構成:has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 一般將來時的被動語態構成:will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 含有情態動詞的被動語態構成:情態動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 現在進行時的被動語態構成:am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 不定式的被動語態:to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎樣把主動語態改成被動語態?
把主動語態改為被動語態非常簡單，可以遵循以下幾個步驟:
先找出謂語動詞; 再找出謂語動詞後的賓語; 把賓語用作被動語態中的主語;
Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被動語態應注意的幾個問題:
不及物動詞無被動語態。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態中不帶to ，但變為被動語態時，須加上to 。 例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. →My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work. →The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態時，直接賓語(物)作主語，那麼動詞後要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。 He gave me a book. →A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket. →A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 一些動詞短語用於被動語態時，動詞短語應當看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。 We can't laugh him. →He can't be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.</CA>