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希伯来语

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{{Infobox Language
|name=希伯来语
|nativename={{Hebrew|עברית}}
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[iv'ri:t]}}
|states=[[以色列]]、[[约旦河西岸地区]]、[[戈兰高地]]
|region=[[以色列家园]]
|ethnicity=[[犹太人]]
|speakers=900万人<ref>{{cite book|title=About Hebrew|year=2016|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/hebrew}}</ref>
|date = 2016
|familycolor=亚非语系
|fam1=[[亚非语系]]
|fam2=[[闪语族]]
|fam3=中闪语族支
|fam4=西北闪语族分支
|fam5=[[迦南诸语|迦南语支]]
|script = [[希伯来字母]]
|nation={{flag|Israel}}
|agency=[[希伯来语科学院]]<br/>{{Hebrew|הָאָקָדֶמְיָה לַלָּשׁוֹן הָעִבְרִית}}
|iso1=he|iso2=heb|iso3=heb|SIL=HBR|
|map = Idioma hebreo.PNG
| mapcaption   = 希伯来语的世界:{{Legend|#0080FF|此区域中希伯来语是大多数人的语言([[以色列]])}} {{Legend|#88C4FF|此区域中希伯来语是显著少数民族语言([[约旦河西岸地区]]、[[戈兰高地]])}}
<!-- Linguasphere code: 12-AAB -->
<!-- The Linguasphere code is for future reference, if Linguasphere codes are put into the infobox. -->
}}
{{Contains_Hebrew_text}}
 
'''希伯来语'''({{Hebrew|עִבְרִית}} ''{{lang|en|-{‘}-Ivrit}}'',读音:{{IPA|[iv'ri:t]}})属于[[亚非语系]][[闪米特语族]],为具有古代[[犹太]]民族(以色列民族或希伯来民族)意识之现代人民的民族语言、也是[[犹太教]]的宗教语言。过去2500年,希伯来语主要用于《[[圣经]]》与相关[[宗教]]方面的研究,自从20世纪特别是[[犹太复国主义|以色列复国]]以来,“希伯来语”作为[[口语]]在犹太人中复活,渐渐取代[[阿拉伯语]]、[[拉迪诺语]]和[[意第绪语]],[[以色列]]复国后将“希伯来语”定为官方语言之一,採用希伯来语[[字母]]书写;另一种官方语言是[[阿拉伯语]]。希伯来语亦如同其它大部分的闪语族语言般,其[[希伯来字母|拼写法]]为横写由右到左。
== 历史 ==
{{main|希伯来语复兴}}
 
== 希伯来字母 ==
{{main|希伯来字母}}
现代希伯来语字母表是从[[亚拉姆语]]字母表的基础上发展起来的。希伯来语使用者称他们的字母表为“{{lang|en|''aleph-bet''}}”。现时除希伯来语以外,尚有另一种过去[[犹太人]]常用的语言[[意第绪语]]亦採用希伯来语字母。现代希伯来语的[[字母表]]有两种读音,正读指一般教科书所描述的现代读音,俗读指实际上流行的口语读音。
 
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; " style="text-align:center;"
|-
![[Aleph|Alef]]||[[Bet]]||[[Gimel]]||[[Dalet]]||[[He (字母)|He]]||[[Waw|Vav]]||[[Zayin]]||[[Heth|Het]]||[[Teth|Tet]]||[[Yodh|Yod]]||[[Kaph|Kaf]]
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|א}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ב}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ג}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ד}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ה}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ו}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ז}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ח}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ט}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|י}}
| style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|כ}}
|-
|style="font-size:300%; " height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ך}}
|-
![[Lamedh|Lamed]]||[[Mem]]||[[Nun]]||[[Samekh]]||[[Ayin]]||[[Pe (字母)|Pe]]||[[Tsade|Tsadi]]||[[Qoph|Qof]]||[[Resh]]||[[Shin]]||[[Taw|Tav]]
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ל}}
| style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|מ}}
| style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|נ}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ס}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ע}}
| style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|{{script|Hebr|פ}}
| style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|{{script|Hebr|צ}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ק}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ר}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ש}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ת}}
|-
| style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ם}}
| style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ן}}
|style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ף}}
|style="font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|{{script|Hebr|ץ}}
|}
 
== 音系 ==
{{main|希伯来语音系}}
 
=== 元音 ===
{{main|Niqqud}}[[File:Hebrew vowel chart.svg|thumb|300px|right|现代以色列希伯来语的元音音位]]希伯来语称元音为 ''{{lang|he-Latn|tnu'ot}}''({{rtl-lang|he|תְּנוּעוֹת}})。这些元音的[[正写法]]表示叫做 [[Niqqud]]。以色列希伯来语有5个元音[[音位]] ,由下列 Niqqud-符号表示:{|class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;text-align:center"!rowspan=2|<small>[[音位]]</small>!rowspan=2|<small>现代希伯来语发音</small>!rowspan=2|<small>英语近似发音</small>!colspan=3|<small>正写法表示</small>|-!<small>长</small>*!!<small>短</small>*!!<small>轻</small>*|-|{{IPA|/a/}}||{{IPA|[a]}}||(如“sp'''a'''”)||{{lang|he-Latn|kamats}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ָ</span>)||{{lang|he-Latn|patach}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ַ</span>)||{{lang|he-Latn|chataf patach}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ֲ</span>)|-|{{IPA|/e/}}||{{IPA|[e̞]}}||(如“b'''e'''t”)||{{lang|he-Latn|tsere male}}(<span style="font-size:150%;unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;"> ֵי </span>)<small>或</small> {{lang|he-Latn|tsere chaser}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ֵ</span>)||{{lang|he-Latn|segol}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ֶ</span>)||{{lang|he-Latn|chataf segol}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ֱ</span>),<small>有时</small> {{lang|he-Latn|[[shva]]}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ְ</span>)|-|{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|[i]}}||(如“sk'''i'''”)||{{lang|he-Latn|khirik male}} <span style="unicode-bidi:embed; direction:rtl;">(<span style="font-size:150%;">ִי</span>)</span>||{{lang|he-Latn|khirik chaser}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ִ</span>)||&nbsp;|-|{{IPA|/o/}}||{{IPA|[o̞]}}||(如“g'''o'''re”)||{{lang|he-Latn|kholam male}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">{{rtl-lang|he|וֹ}}</span>)<small>或</small> {{lang|he-Latn|kholam chaser}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ֹ </span>)||{{lang|he-Latn|kamatz katan}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ָ</span>)||{{lang|he-Latn|chataf kamatz}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ֳ</span>)|-|{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|[u]}}||(如“fl'''u'''”,但不双元音化)||{{lang|he-Latn|shuruk}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">{{rtl-lang|he|וּ}}</span>)||{{lang|he-Latn|kubuts}}(<span style="font-size:150%;">ֻ</span>)||&nbsp;|-|style="text-align:left" colspan=6|<nowiki>*</nowiki> <small>每个音位的多种正写法表示证明了在早期形式的希伯来语中元音的广阔的音位范围。某些语言学家叫仍把希伯来语语法实体 [[Shva na]]—标记为 [[Shva]](</small> <span style="font-size:150%;">ְ</span> <small>)—当作第六的音位 {{IPA|/ə/}} <!--This followig is not true. Listen to Hebrew radio via Internet with the speed turned down, and you can hear that they do use a vowel (for Shva) that is less than a segol. , however the phonetic realisation of any Shva in modern Hebrew is never a [[Schwa]] (the [[mid central vowel]] denoted as {{IPA|[ə]}}) or any vowel otherwise phonetically distinguishable from the other phonemes, but is rather always either identical to those of the phoneme {{IPA|/e/}} or is mute, therefore there is no consensus in this matter.--></small>|} 
=== 辅音 ===
希伯来语称辅音为 ''{{lang|he-Latn|‘itsurim}}''({{rtl-lang|he|עיצורים}})。 下表列出希伯来语辅音和它们的 [[IPA]] 音标: :{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"|-!! colspan="2" | [[双唇音]]! colspan="2" | [[唇齿音]]! colspan="2" | [[齿龈音]]! colspan="2" | [[龈后音]]{{NoteTag|Postalveolar sounds (with the exception of {{IPA|/ʃ/}}) are not native to Hebrew, and only found in borrowings.}}![[硬腭音]]! colspan="2" | [[软腭音]]! colspan="2" | [[小舌音]]! colspan="2" | [[声门音]]|- align=center|[[鼻音]]| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/m/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> מ</span>}}| colspan="2" || colspan="2" |{{IPA|/n/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> נ</span>}}| colspan="2" ||| colspan="2" || colspan="2" || colspan="2" ||- align=center|[[塞音]]|{{IPA|/p/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> פּ</span>}}|{{IPA|/b/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> בּ</span>}}| colspan="2" ||{{IPA|/t/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ט、ת、תּ</span>}}|{{IPA|/d/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ד、דּ</span>}}| colspan="2" |||{{IPA|/k/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ק、כּ</span>}}|{{IPA|/g/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ג、גּ</span>}}| colspan="2" || colspan="2" |{{IPA|/ʔ/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> א、ע</span>}}|- align=center|[[塞擦音]]| colspan="2" ||||{{IPA|/ts/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> צ</span>}}||colspan="2" |||colspan="2" ||colspan="2" ||colspan="2" ||- align=center|[[擦音]]| colspan="2" ||{{IPA|/f/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> פ</span>}}|{{IPA|/v/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ב、ו</span>}}|{{IPA|/s/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ס、שׂ</span>}}|{{IPA|/z/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ז</span>}}|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> שׁ</span>}}|{{IPA|/ʒ/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> 'ז</span>}}||colspan=2||{{IPA|[[清小舌擦音|/χ/]]}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ח、כ、ך</span>}} ||{{IPA|/ʁ/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ר</span>}}| colspan="2" |{{IPA|/h/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ה</span>}}|- align=center|[[颤音]]| colspan="2" || colspan="2" || colspan="2" || colspan="2" ||| colspan="2" || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʀ/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ר</span>}}||- align=center|[[近音]]| colspan="2" || colspan="2" || colspan="2" || colspan="2" ||{{IPA|/j/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> י</span>}}| colspan="2" || colspan="2" || colspan="2" ||- align=center|[[边音]]| colspan="2" || colspan="2" || colspan="2" |{{IPA|/l/}}{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:125%;"> ל</span>}}| colspan="2" ||| colspan="2" || colspan="2" || colspan="2" ||} == 希伯来语语法 =={{main|希伯来语语法}}
希伯来语语法是部分[[分析语|分析式]]的,使用[[前置词]]而非[[格 (语法)|语法格]]来表达如[[与格]]、[[离格]]和[[宾格]]这样的形式。句型顺序为VSO型,但现代也多为SVO型句式,这是因为希伯来语本身就是一种很灵活的语言。但是屈折在动词和名词的形成中扮演了决定性角色。比如,名词有一个构造状态,叫做“smikhut”,用来指示“属于”关系:这是更加曲折语言的[[属格]]的逆反。处在smikhut的词经常用[[连字号]]hyphen合并起来。在现代讲话中,这个构造的使用有时同意思为“of”的前置词“של”是可互换的。但是在很多情况下古老的变格形式被保留了(特别是在习惯用语和类似情况下),并且人称[[附著词素|前接词]]被广泛的用来“变格”前置词。
== 参见 ==
{{Portal box|语言|以色列|犹太教}}
* [[亚拉姆语]]
* [[意第绪语]]
== 外部连结 ==
{{InterWiki|code=he}}
{{WikisourceWiki|code=he}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hebrew.htm 多语网站希伯来语]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/hebrewtw/ 希伯来语@TW]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=heb Ethnologue on Hebrew]
 
{{-}}
{{犹太语言}}
{{Afro-Asiatic languages}}
{{犹太人和犹太教}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:闪米特语族]]
[[Category:希伯来语| ]]
[[Category:屈折语]]
[[Category:以色列语言]]
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