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泰德·尼爾森

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! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> 泰德·尼爾 </p>

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|<center><img src="https://avatars.sched.co/7/14/5773694/avatar.jpg?3ec" width="280" > </center>

<small>[https://decentralizedwebsummit2018.sched.com/speaker/tandm 圖片來自Decentralized Web] <br>

'''出生'''    1937年6月17日<br>

'''母校'''    [[哈佛大學]][[慶應義塾大學]]<br>

'''知名於'''   美國信息技術先驅<br>

'''現職'''    哲學家,社會學家<br>

'''專業領域'''  創造術語[[超文本]]<br>
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'''泰德·尼爾森'''({{lang|en|Theodor Holm Nelson}},{{bd|1937年|6月17日}})出生於[[紐約]][[ New York]],是美國信息技術先驅,哲學家和社會學家,是設計師、通才、作家。他常常重複他的四句話來指導他的生活“大多數人都是傻瓜,大多數權威都是惡毒,上帝不存在,一切都是錯的。(原文:”"most people are fools, most authority is malignant, God does not exist, and everything is wrong.")

==網路術語萌芽==
Ted Nelson說:"在1960年,我有一個世界範圍的電子出版系統的願景,無政府主義和民粹主義,任何人都可以發布任何東西,任何人都可以閱讀它。(與現在網路極為相似)。

於1960年,他從[[斯沃斯莫爾學院]](the Swarthmore college)獲得哲學學士學位後,再進入了[[哈佛]]研究生院。第一年,他使用[[ IBM 7090 計算機]]參加了計算機編程課程,並開始考慮編寫一個文檔管理系統來索引和組織他的筆記集。他開始了一個學期項目來創建一個類似於文字處理器的書寫系統(本質上它是一個能夠存儲多個版本的文字處理器,並顯示這些版本之間的差異),但這將允許不同的版本和文檔通過關聯和非線性鏈接在一起。但繼續在一個系統上工作,該系統與[[范尼瓦爾·布什]]([[ Vannevar Bush]]) 所設想的非常相似(見" memex"),但不是基於縮微膠片,作為“memex”,而是基於計算機。這個想法成為他一生中壓倒一切的關注點。

自1960年以來,對網路世界保持遠見卓識;現仍繼續研究另一種[[超文本]]系統。已創造了許多現在正在使用的術語,包括[[超文本]](hypertext)、[[超媒體]]( hypermedia)、[[小額支付]](micropayment)、[[嵌入]](transclusion)、[[結構]](structangle),[[交織]](intertwingled)。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Complex information processing: a file structure for the complex, the changing and the indeterminate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806036|last=Nelson|first=T. H.|date=1965-08-24|journal=Proceedings of the 1965 20th national conference|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|doi=10.1145/800197.806036|series=ACM '65|location=Cleveland, Ohio, USA|pages=84–100|isbn=978-1-4503-7495-8}}</ref>。

==發表網路術語==
1965年,泰德·納爾遜自封為“系統人文主義者”( "systems humanist" )(Theodor Holm Nelson) 發表了《複雜信息處理:複雜、變化和不確定的文件結構》"Complex Information Processing: A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate,",在這篇論文中,尼爾森創造了[[超文本]] ([[hypertext]])和[[超媒體]]([[hypermedia]])這兩個術語來指代計算機化信息系統的功能。他使用“[[鏈]]”([["link]]")一詞來指代與“[[超鏈接]]”("[[hyperlink]]")一詞相關聯的邏輯連接。也因發明了超鏈接這個詞而受到讚譽,“超鏈接”一詞是由泰德·納爾遜 (Ted Nelson) 和他的助手[[卡爾文·科廷]] (Calvin Curtin)在1965年或可能是1964年)在"[[世外桃源計劃]](" Project Xanadu ")開始時創造的。Nelson 受到了[[范尼瓦爾·布什]]([[ Vannevar Bush]]) 的一篇流行文章"[[正如我們所想]]"(“[[As We May Think]]”)的啟發。

在這篇文章中,布什描述了一種基於縮微膠片的機器(Memex),可以將任意兩頁信息鏈接成相關信息的“[[軌跡]]”("[[trail]]"),然後在軌跡中的頁面之間來回滾動,就好像它們在單個縮微膠捲捲軸上一樣。接近的目前的類比是建立一個與主題相關的網頁的書籤列表,然後允許用戶在列表中向前和向後滾動。

在1964年到1980年出版的一系列書籍和文章中,他將布什的[[自動交叉引用概念]]轉移到計算機環境中(concept of automated cross-referencing into the computer context),其適用於特定的文本字符串而不是整個頁面,將其從桌面大小的機器推廣到理論上的全球計算機網絡,並主張建立這樣一個網絡。

同時,獨立工作的團隊由[[道格拉斯·恩格爾巴特]]([[ Douglas Engelbart ]])領導([[傑夫·魯利夫森]][[Jeff Rulifson ]]擔任首席程序員)是第一個實現在單個文檔中滾動的超鏈接概念的人(1966 年),不久之後用於連接單獨文件中的段落(1968)”

<ref>{{Cite web|title=Complex Information Processing: A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate {{!}} ELMCIP|url=https://elmcip.net/node/7367|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=elmcip.net|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808033444/https://elmcip.net/node/7367|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

他創造的術語還包括{{link-en|超引用|Transclusion}}、{{link-en|虛質性|Virtuality (software design)}}、{{link-en|內聯性|Intertwingularity}}與[[遠程性愛]]。

根據1997年《福布斯》的個人資料,尼爾森將自己視為文學浪漫派,像是[[西哈諾·德·貝傑拉克]]或「軟件領域的[[奧森·威爾斯]]」。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ted Nelson|url=https://www.forbes.com/asap/1997/0825/134.html|accessdate=2020-08-28|author=|date=|format=|work=www.forbes.com|publisher=|language=|archive-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820204902/https://www.forbes.com/asap/1997/0825/134.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

==著作==
* ''Life, Love, College, etc.'' (1959)
* ''[[Computer Lib]]: You can and must understand computers now / [[Computer Lib / Dream Machines|Dream Machines]]: New freedoms through computer screens—a minority report'' (1974), Microsoft Press, revised edition 1987: ISBN 0-914845-49-7<ref>{{cite news|author=L. R. Shannon|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/16/science/peripherals-a-book-that-grew-up.html|title=Peripherals: A Book That Grew Up|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 16, 1988|accessdate=July 3, 2011|archive-date=2015-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525085729/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/16/science/peripherals-a-book-that-grew-up.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
* ''The Home Computer Revolution'' (1977)
* ''[[Literary Machines]]: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom'' (1981), Mindful Press, Sausalito, California; publication dates as listed in the 93.1 (1993) edition: 1980–84, 1987, 1990–93
* ''The Future of Information'' (1997)
* ''[https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html A Cosmology for a Different Computer Universe: Data Model, Mechanisms, Virtual Machine and Visualization Infrastructure]''. Journal of Digital Information, Volume 5 Issue 1. Article No. 298, July 16, 2004
* ''[[Geeks Bearing Gifts]]: How The Computer World Got This Way'' (2008; [https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html Chapter summaries])
* ''[http://hyperland.com/possiplex/Excerpts POSSIPLEX] : Movies, Intellect, Creative Control, My Computer Life and the Fight for Civilization'' (2010), autobiography<ref>{{cite web|url=http://possiplex-techmuseum.eventbrite.com|title=Ted Nelson Possiplex book launch at The Tech Museum – Eventbrite|publisher=The Tech Museum San Jose|date=October 6, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2011|archive-date=2013-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103165249/http://possiplex-techmuseum.eventbrite.com/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://events.sfgate.com/san-francisco-ca/events/show/145055245-ted-nelson-speaks-about-possiplex|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=October 8, 2010|title=Ted Nelson Speaks About Possiplex|accessdate=July 3, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716044523/http://events.sfgate.com/san-francisco-ca/events/show/145055245-ted-nelson-speaks-about-possiplex|archivedate=2011年7月16日}}</ref>

==文獻==
{{Reflist}}

==參考==
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html Ted Nelson's homepage]
*[http://xanadu.com.au/ted/ Ted Nelson's homepage at xanadu.com.au]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/TheTedNelson Ted Nelson's YouTube Channel]
*[https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html Detailed Ted Nelson bibliography]
*[http://www.xanadu.net/ Xanadu project webpage]
*[http://transliterature.org/ Transliterature – A Humanist Design]
*[http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr_18/BBfr18a.html ''The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html |date=2004-10-09 }} in [http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast Screening the Past] July 2005 by Belinda Barnet
*[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0155.html ''Ted Nelson and Xanadu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html |date=2004-10-09 }}, in ''The Electronic Labyrinth'', 1993
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html Orality and Hypertext]: An Interview with Ted Nelson
*[http://ted.hyperland.com/TQdox/zifty.d9-TQframer.html ''Way Out Of The Box ''] by Theodor Nelson, October 8, 1999
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929165025/http://www.file.org.br/file2005/textos/symposium/eng/tednelson.htm Software and Media for a New Democracy] a talk given by Ted Nelson at the [http://www.file.org.br File festival] Symposium/November/2005
*[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/tech.html Wired article, recalling interview with Nelson] , August 2005
*[http://webcast.oii.ox.ac.uk/?view=Webcast&ID=20051121_112 The Politics Of Internet Software 'Geeks Bearing Gifts'] , a talk given by Ted at the Oxford Internet Institute, November 30, 2005
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8329031368429444452 Transclusion: Fixing Electronic Literature] , a talk given by Ted at [[Google]], January 29, 2007
*[http://archive.org/details/possiplexvideo Ted Nelson Possiplex Internet Archive book reading video]


==視頻==

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== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist}}

==外部連結==
*[https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=1055 Pacific Time-Ted Nelson Coins -the Terms Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Hyperlink 1965-Ted Nelson 創造了術語超文本、超媒體和超鏈接 1965年]
*[https://decentralizedwebsummit2018.sched.com/speaker/tandm  Decentralized Web -Theodor Holm Nelson -Internet Archive ]
*[https://history-computer.com/people/ted-nelson-biography-history-and-inventions/  history-computer-Ted Nelson – Biography, History and Inventions]
*[https://dl.acm.org/profile/81409593295/publications?Role=author The ACM Digital Library -Theodor Holm Nelson-University of OxfordUniversity of NottinghamKeio UniversityUniversity of Illinois at Chicago]
*[https://www.cccb.org/en/participants/file/theodor-holm-nelson/21727 CCCB-Theodor Holm Nelson]

==參考==
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html Ted Nelson's homepage]
*[http://xanadu.com.au/ted/ Ted Nelson's homepage at xanadu.com.au]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/TheTedNelson Ted Nelson's YouTube Channel]
*[https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html Detailed Ted Nelson bibliography]
*[http://www.xanadu.net/ Xanadu project webpage]
*[http://transliterature.org/ Transliterature – A Humanist Design]
*[http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr_18/BBfr18a.html ''The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html |date=2004-10-09 }} in [http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast Screening the Past] July 2005 by Belinda Barnet
*[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0155.html ''Ted Nelson and Xanadu''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html |date=2004-10-09 }}, in ''The Electronic Labyrinth'', 1993
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041009214354/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/csr/nelson_pg.html Orality and Hypertext]: An Interview with Ted Nelson
*[http://ted.hyperland.com/TQdox/zifty.d9-TQframer.html ''Way Out Of The Box ''] by Theodor Nelson, October 8, 1999
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929165025/http://www.file.org.br/file2005/textos/symposium/eng/tednelson.htm Software and Media for a New Democracy] a talk given by Ted Nelson at the [http://www.file.org.br File festival] Symposium/November/2005
*[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/tech.html Wired article, recalling interview with Nelson] , August 2005
*[http://webcast.oii.ox.ac.uk/?view=Webcast&ID=20051121_112 The Politics Of Internet Software 'Geeks Bearing Gifts'] , a talk given by Ted at the Oxford Internet Institute, November 30, 2005
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8329031368429444452 Transclusion: Fixing Electronic Literature] , a talk given by Ted at [[Google]], January 29, 2007
*[http://archive.org/details/possiplexvideo Ted Nelson Possiplex Internet Archive book reading video]
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