清真寺

清真寺：又稱回教堂、禮拜寺，是供穆斯林群眾使用的宗教場所。

清真寺;zh-sg:回教堂(英語: mosque )，（阿拉伯語、波斯語：單數مسجد masjid，複數‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] masjid一詞，其詞根為سج}} sajada，意為「拜倒」，因為穆斯林禮拜時需要拜倒叩拜。

歷史

全世界的第一座回教堂通常被認為是位於麥加、以克爾白為中心的禁寺。早在公元638年起，禁寺就擴大了若干次，為的是容納日益增多、住在禁寺周邊地區或每年前往麥加朝聖的回教徒。也有意見認為史上第一座回教堂則應該是坐落在今麥地那的庫巴回教堂，因為這是穆罕默德先知在622年從麥加遷移時建造的第一座建築。

坐落於突尼斯的凱魯萬大回教堂是穆斯林西區最古老的回教堂。

穆罕默德先知接着在麥地那親自再建設一座回教堂，現稱作先知回教堂，並幫助開拓回教堂作為伊斯蘭城市的重點的概念。先知回教堂的一些特點，在當今回教堂也仍常見，其中包括設於禮拜殿後牆正中處的小拱門的米哈拉布以及講台敏拜爾，該回教堂也建有一個大庭院，回教堂自此都常見這樣的設計。

馬來西亞清真寺，仿造摩洛哥卡薩布蘭卡的哈桑清真寺而建，通體使用玫瑰色的花崗岩，呈現粉紅色。遠遠看去，猶如一朵開在布拉特湖上的聖蓮，也被稱為水上清真寺。

宗教活動

禱告

齋戒月活動

行善

現代政治角色

東倫敦回教堂是英國第一座獲淮使用擴音器來播放宣禮的清真寺。]] 20世紀末，作為政治用途的回教堂數量日漸增多，而當今西方世界的回教堂通常也會倡導民間參與。正因為回教堂在社群Template:里的重要性，所以回教堂被用來宣揚與非信徒的和平共存，即使是在逆境中。

大型回教堂有時也會扮演政治角色，如孟加拉、巴基斯坦、伊朗和伊拉克（2003年後）等伊斯蘭國家的伊瑪目會定期在星期五的禱告上宣揚政治主張，其他伊斯蘭國家的伊瑪目則一般禁止談及政治課題。

宣揚

回教徒為少數群體的國家和地區比回教徒占主體的大中東國家和地區更有可能會通過回教堂作為倡導民間參與的一種方式。美國的回教堂會主辦選民登記和民間參與運動，以促進通常是第一代或第二代的穆斯林移民參與政治。正因如此，再加上回教堂也會嘗試及時告知穆斯林居民有關穆斯林社群所面臨的問題，回教堂的人員更有可能參加示威、在請願書上簽名或涉及其他政治活動。

組成建築

清真寺內不得有任何形式的偶像，即沒有任何人物、動物、圖騰和標誌的雕像、畫像，也不需要任何供品（因為造物主-真主-是無求的 主），只有圍繞的柱廊，中心一個大拱頂，主要的牆要向着麥加的卡巴方向，牆中間有一個凹下的壁，叫做米哈拉布（محراب‎），是指示穆斯林禮拜方向的。壁中有一座帶階梯的高台，是在主麻日時，為伊瑪目站在上面帶領誦讀《古蘭經》、講道、宣布消息--等用的，叫敏拜爾（منبر），誦讀《古蘭經》時不得有任何道具或樂器及音樂和歌唱。

底下一般鋪有地毯，因為穆斯林需要赤腳禮拜。清真寺外面或一進門地方有自來水或噴泉，要求穆斯林洗淨手、臉、腳（小淨）後才能禮拜。不同清真寺有為區隔男女禮拜有不同設計和設施。女性多數在家禮拜，很少到清真寺禮拜。有穆斯林帶領下非穆斯林是允許進入禮拜殿的。穆斯林在清真寺內禮拜時要排成長排，跪拜俯伏在地、以額觸地、禮和拜獨一無二的造物主——真主。

由於《古蘭經》要求穆斯林每日要做五次禮拜：日出前、正午後、下午時、日落和進入黑夜，在古代沒有時鐘的情況下，很難掌握統一的時間，因此在清真寺外建有宣禮塔，每到禮拜時間，就有喚禮者在塔上大聲呼喚，有的大清真寺四周有幾個宣禮塔，現代都裝有擴音器，不再或很少上宣禮塔喚禮(Azan)。

參考文獻

來源

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外部鏈接

• 各地清真寺的照片
• 英國清真寺和穆斯林詞典dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes
• 世界各地清真寺
• 介紹清真寺
• [2]dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes

參見

• 兩聖地監護人
• 清真女寺
• 伊斯蘭教主題
• nocat
• nocat
• nocat
• 伊斯蘭教建築
• 清真寺