清真寺查看源代码讨论查看历史

清真寺：又称回教堂、礼拜寺，是供穆斯林群众使用的宗教场所。

清真寺(英语: mosque )，（阿拉伯语、波斯语：单数مسجد masjid，复数‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的条目]] masjid一词，其词根为سج}} sajada，意为“拜倒”，因为穆斯林礼拜时需要拜倒叩拜。

历史

全世界的第一座回教堂通常被认为是位于麦加、以克尔白为中心的禁寺。早在公元638年起，禁寺就扩大了若干次，为的是容纳日益增多、住在禁寺周边地区或每年前往麦加朝圣的回教徒。也有意见认为史上第一座回教堂则应该是坐落在今麦地那的库巴回教堂，因为这是穆罕默德先知在622年从麦加迁移时建造的第一座建筑。

坐落于突尼斯的凯鲁万大回教堂是穆斯林西区最古老的回教堂。

穆罕默德先知接着在麦地那亲自再建设一座回教堂，现称作先知回教堂，并帮助开拓回教堂作为伊斯兰城市的重点的概念。先知回教堂的一些特点，在当今回教堂也仍常见，其中包括设于礼拜殿后墙正中处的小拱门的米哈拉布以及讲台敏拜尔，该回教堂也建有一个大庭院，回教堂自此都常见这样的设计。

马来西亚清真寺，仿造摩洛哥卡萨布兰卡的哈桑清真寺而建，通体使用玫瑰色的花岗岩，呈现粉红色。远远看去，犹如一朵开在布拉特湖上的圣莲，也被称为水上清真寺。

宗教活动

祷告

斋戒月活动

行善

现代政治角色

东伦敦回教堂是英国第一座获淮使用扩音器来播放宣礼的清真寺。]] 20世纪末，作为政治用途的回教堂数量日渐增多，而当今西方世界的回教堂通常也会倡导民间参与。正因为回教堂在社群Template:里的重要性，所以回教堂被用来宣扬与非信徒的和平共存，即使是在逆境中。

大型回教堂有时也会扮演政治角色，如孟加拉、巴基斯坦、伊朗和伊拉克（2003年后）等伊斯兰国家的伊玛目会定期在星期五的祷告上宣扬政治主张，其他伊斯兰国家的伊玛目则一般禁止谈及政治课题。

宣扬

回教徒为少数群体的国家和地区比回教徒占主体的大中东国家和地区更有可能会通过回教堂作为倡导民间参与的一种方式。美国的回教堂会主办选民登记和民间参与运动，以促进通常是第一代或第二代的穆斯林移民参与政治。正因如此，再加上回教堂也会尝试及时告知穆斯林居民有关穆斯林社群所面临的问题，回教堂的人员更有可能参加示威、在请愿书上签名或涉及其他政治活动。

组成建筑

清真寺内不得有任何形式的偶像，即没有任何人物、动物、图腾和标志的雕像、画像，也不需要任何供品（因为造物主-真主-是无求的 主），只有围绕的柱廊，中心一个大拱顶，主要的墙要向着麦加的卡巴方向，墙中间有一个凹下的壁，叫做米哈拉布（محراب‎），是指示穆斯林礼拜方向的。壁中有一座带阶梯的高台，是在主麻日时，为伊玛目站在上面带领诵读《古兰经》、讲道、宣布消息--等用的，叫敏拜尔（منبر），诵读《古兰经》时不得有任何道具或乐器及音乐和歌唱。

底下一般铺有地毯，因为穆斯林需要赤脚礼拜。清真寺外面或一进门地方有自来水或喷泉，要求穆斯林洗净手、脸、脚（小净）后才能礼拜。不同清真寺有为区隔男女礼拜有不同设计和设施。女性多数在家礼拜，很少到清真寺礼拜。有穆斯林带领下非穆斯林是允许进入礼拜殿的。穆斯林在清真寺内礼拜时要排成长排，跪拜俯伏在地、以额触地、礼和拜独一无二的造物主——真主。

由于《古兰经》要求穆斯林每日要做五次礼拜：日出前、正午后、下午时、日落和进入黑夜，在古代没有时钟的情况下，很难掌握统一的时间，因此在清真寺外建有宣礼塔，每到礼拜时间，就有唤礼者在塔上大声呼唤，有的大清真寺四周有几个宣礼塔，现代都装有扩音器，不再或很少上宣礼塔唤礼(Azan)。

参考文献

来源

• cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar S. | year=2002 | title=Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society | publisher=Psychology Press | location=Abingdon, Eng. | isbn=9780415285254 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Asher | first=Catherine B. | year=1992 | title=Architecture of Mughal India | series=The New Cambridge History of India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, Eng. | isbn=9780521267281 | ref=harv }}
• cite encyclopedia | editor-last=Bearman | editor-first=P.J. | editor2-last=Bianquis | editor2-first=Th. | editor3-last=Bosworth | editor3-first=C.E. | editor4-last=van Donzel | editor4-first=E. | editor5-last=Heinrichs | editor5-first = W.P. | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | editor-last=Bellows | editor-first=Keith | year=2008 | title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations | publisher=National Geographic Books | location=Washington, D.C. | isbn=9781426203367 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | editor-last=Bloom | editor-first=Jonathan M. | editor2-last=Blair | editor2-first=Sheila | year=2009 | title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford, Eng. | isbn=9780195309911 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Budge | first=E. A. Wallis | year=2001 | title=Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th-Century Travel Guide | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | location=Toronto | isbn=9780486149530 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Chiu | first=Y. C. | title=An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Part 1900| publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. | location=Delft, the Netherlands | isbn=9789059724372 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Cosman | first=Madeleine Pelner | last2=Jones | first2=Linda Gale | title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World |publisher=Infobase Publishing | year=2008 | location=New York | isbn=9781438109077 | ref=harv }}
• cite journal | last=Cowen | first=Jill S. |date=July–August 1985 | title=Muslims in China | magazine=Saudi Aramco World | url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm | volume=36 | number=4 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | editor-last=Dumper | editor-first=Michael | editor2-last=Stanley | editor2-first=Bruce E. | title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia | publisher=ABC-CLIO | location=Santa Barbara, Calif. | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Elleh | first=Nnamdi | year=2002 | title=Architecture and Power in Africa | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Ct. | isbn= 9780275976798 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Essa | first=Ahmed | last2=Ali | first2=Othman | year=2010 | title=Title Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance | publisher=The International Institute of Islamic Thought | location=Herndon, Va. | isbn=9781565643505}}
• cite book | last=Flood | first=Finbarr Barry | year=2001 | title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture

| series=Islamic History and Civilization | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004116382 | ref=harv}}

• cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | last2=Davidson | first2=Lawrence | year=2005 | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | edition=8th | isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan | year=1974 | title=The Mosque and Its Early Development | series=Iconography of Religions: Islam | publisher=E.J. Brill | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004038134 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan | year=1985 | title=Muslim Religious Architecture: Development of Religious Architecture in Later Periods | series=Iconography of Religions: Islam | publisher=E.J. Brill | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn= 9789004070844 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Netton | first=Ian Richard | year=1996 | title=Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam | edition=annotated | publisher=Psychology Press | location=Abingdon, Eng. | isbn=9780700703401 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | editor-last=Nielsen | editor-first=Jørgen Schøler | editor2-last=Akgönül | editor2-first=Samim | editor3-last=Alibašić | editor3-first=Ahmet | editor4-last=Goddard | editor4-first=Hugh | editor5-last=Maréchal | editor5-first=Brigitte | year=2011 | title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe | volume=3 | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004205161 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Nimer | first=Mohamed | year=2002 | title=The North American Muslim Resource Guide: Muslim Community Life in the United States and Canada | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location=New York | isbn=9780415937283 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Ruggles | first=D. Fairchild | year=2002 | title=Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain | publisher=Penn State Press | location=University Park, Penn. | isbn=9780271042725 | ref=harv }}
• cite book | last=Tajuddin | first=Mohamed | title=The Mosque as a Community Development Centre: Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines for Contemporary Muslim Societies | publisher=Penerbit UTM | location=Kuala Lumpur | year=1998 | isbn=9789835201318 | ref=harv }}

扩展阅读

• cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink= | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=1st | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-684-82507-6}}
• Campanini, Massimo, Mosque, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 978-1-61069-177-2
• cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink= | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750 | publisher=Routledge | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-415-24072-7}}
• cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink= |author2=Al-Hilali Khan|author3= Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=1999 | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=1st | isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}}
• cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink= | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=1999 | isbn=978-965-224-040-8}}
• cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan | authorlink= | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=1974 | isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}}
• cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=伯纳德·刘易斯 | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-8126-9217-4}}
• cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}}
• cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-510283-3}}
• cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}}
• cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}}
• cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}}
• cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink= | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1979 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-226-70281-0}}
• cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink= | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}}
• cite book|last=Kahera|first=Akel|title=Deconstructing the American Mosque: Space, Gender and Aesthetics|year=2008|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin TX|isbn=0-292-74344-0}}

外部链接

• 各地清真寺的照片
• 英国清真寺和穆斯林词典dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes
• 世界各地清真寺
• 介绍清真寺
• [2]dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes

参见

• 两圣地监护人
• 清真女寺
• 伊斯兰教主题
• nocat
• nocat
• nocat
• 伊斯兰教建筑
• 清真寺