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中文名:舟蛾科 拉丁学名:Notodontidae 界:动物界 门:节肢动物门 亚 门:六足亚门 纲:昆虫纲 亚 纲:有翅亚纲 目:鳞翅目 科:舟蛾科 |
舟蛾科，学名 Notodontidae，昆虫纲鳞翅目的一个科。已知2000多种，中国有370种以上。其中有些是重要的落叶害虫，主要危害果树、森林和行道树。 中国常见的种类如舟形毛虫(Phalera flavescens Bremer et Grey)，苹果舟蛾Phalera flavescens (Bremer et Grey) ，杨扇舟蛾Clostera anachoreta (Fabr.)等。 [1]
舟蛾科形态特征
舟蛾科昆虫与鳞翅目夜蛾科很相似。具听器，前翅M2从中室端部中央伸出，肘脉似3叉式，后缘亚基部经常有鳞簇；后翅Sc+R1与Rs靠近但不接触，或由一短横脉相连；喙通常发达，无单眼；鼓膜向下伸，反鼓膜巾位于第1腹节气门后。
幼虫圆筒形，或有各种瘤突，臀足经常退化或特化成细突起或刺状构造。惊动时，抬起身体前、后端凝固不动，以身体中央的4对腹足支撑身体，故称为“舟形毛虫”。幼虫取食多种乔木和灌木，通常有群集性。在茧内或土中化蛹。
舟蛾成虫体中型，多为褐色或暗灰色，少数洁白或具鲜艳颜色。夜间活动，具趋光性。外表与夜蛾相似，但口器不发达，喙柔弱或退化；无下颚须；下唇须中等大，少数较大或微弱；复眼大，多数无单眼；雄蛾触角常为双栉形；部分栉齿形或锯齿形具毛簇，少数为绒形或毛丛形；
雄蛾触角常与雄蛾异形，一般为线形，但也有同形者；胸部被毛和鳞浓厚，有些属背面中央有竖立纵行脊形或称冠形毛簇；鼓膜位于胸腹面一小凹窝内，膜向下；后足胫节有1～2对距；翅形大都与夜蛾相似，少数象天蛾或钩翅蛾，在许多属里，前翅后缘中央有一个齿形毛簇或呈月牙形缺刻，缺刻两侧具齿形或梳形毛簇，静止时两翅后折成屋脊形，毛簇竖起如角。腹部粗壮，常伸过后翅臀角，有些种类基部背面或末端具毛簇。
幼虫大多体色鲜艳并具斑纹，体形较特异，体背面平滑，胸足一般正常，少数种类中后足特别长，臀足退化或特化成两个较长而可翻缩的尾角。静止时常靠腹足固着，头尾翘起；受惊时不断摆动，形如龙舟荡漾，早有舟形虫之称，也是本科汉名的由来。
舟蛾科生活习性
舟蛾幼虫大多取食阔叶树树叶，常发生在森林、防护林、行道树和苗圃，如杨扇舟蛾、杨二尾舟蛾、榆掌舟蛾、槐羽舟蛾、栎蚕舟蛾、龙眼蚁舟蛾和黄檀丑舟蛾等。部分种类为害果树和竹林，如苹掌舟蛾、竹镂舟蛾和竹篦舟蛾等。少数种类为害禾本科农作物，如高粱舟蛾和豹舟蛾等。
舟蛾科科学分类
Acmeshachia gigantea (Elwes, 1890) 高椋垠舟蛾 Allodontoides tenebrosus (Moore, 1865) 乌云舟蛾 Benbowia takamukuana (Matsumura, 1934) 绿蚁舟蛾 Besaia nebulosa (Wileman, 1914) 泥蓖舟蛾 Besaia sordida (Wileman, 1914) 瑟蓖舟蛾 Betashachia angustipennis Matsumura, 1925 脉点舟蛾 Bireta albifusa (Wileman, 1910) 黄斜舟蛾 Ceira virgata (Wileman, 1914) 角奚舟蛾 Cerura kandyia tattakana Matsumura, 1927 大新二尾舟蛾 Cerura menciana formosana (Matsumura, 1929) 杨二尾舟蛾 Cerura subrosea Matsumura, 1927 埔里二尾舟蛾 Chadisra bipars Walker, 1862 褐恰舟蛾 Chadisra bipartita (Matsumura, 1925) 壁恰舟蛾 Cleapa latifascia Walker, 1855 黑带舟蛾 Clostera anachoreta ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775) 闪扇舟蛾 Clostera restituta (Walker, 1865) V纹舟蛾 Cnethodonta grisescens baibarana Matsumura, 1929 灰舟蛾 Curruza frugalis (Leech, 1898) 黄枯舟蛾 Damata formosicola Matsumura, 1929 台鹿舟蛾 Disparia medioalbida (Nakamura, 1973) 靡回舟蛾 Disparia nigrofasciata (Wileman, 1910) 睨回舟蛾 Disparia variegata (Wileman, 1910) 回舟蛾 Dudusa nobilis Walker, 1865 著蕊尾周蛾 Dudusa sphingiformis Moore, 1872 黑蕊尾舟蛾 Dudusa synopla Swinhoe, 1907 黄蕊尾舟蛾 Eguria ornata (Oberthur, 1884) 锈玫舟蛾 Euhampsonia formosana (Matsumura, 1925) 黄星凹缘舟蛾 Eushachia aurata (Moore, 1879) 金舟蛾 Fentonia baibarana Matsumura, 1929 眉原纷舟蛾 Fentonia crenulata Matsumura, 1922 埔里纷舟蛾 Fentonia macroparabolica Nakamura, 1973 墨纷舟蛾 Fentonia parabolica (Matsumura, 1925) 涟纷舟蛾 Formofentonia orbifer rotundata Matsumura, 1925 圆纷舟蛾 Ginshachia gemmifera (Moore, 1877) 银纹舟蛾 Harpyia microsticta (Hampson, ) 中角斑舟蛾 Hexafrenum leucodera (Staudinger, 1887) 明白颈异齿舟蛾 Hexafrenum maculifer Matsumura, 1925 斑白颈异齿舟蛾 Higena plumigera Matsumura, 1925 希舟蛾 Himenopteryx yui Okano, 1887 丽斑舟蛾 Hiradonta angustipennis Nakatomi et Kishida, 1984 黯齿舟蛾 Hupodonta lignea Matsumura, 1920 木纹锯舟蛾 Hupodonta pulcherrima (Moore, 1865) 木纹笏舟蛾 Hyperaeschrella kosemponica (Strand, 1916) 甲仙舟蛾 Liparopsis postalbida Hampson, 薄翅舟蛾 Lophocosma geniculatum Matsumura, 1929 膝冠舟蛾 Lophontosia fusca Okano, 1960 雾社冠齿舟蛾 Mesophalera sigmata (Butler, 1877) 间掌舟蛾 Metriaeschra apatela Kiriakoff, 1963 暗波舟蛾 Micromelalopha baibarana Matsumura, 1929 白线纹小舟蛾 Microphalera yoshimotoi Kishida, 1984 褐斑槭舟蛾 Mimopydna essa kishidai Schintlmeister, 1989 波点舟蛾 Neocerura liturata (Walker, 1855) 新二尾舟蛾 Neodrymonia acuminata (Matsumura, 1929) 灰摩舟蛾 Neodrymonia marginalis (Matsumura, 1925) 玛摩舟蛾 Neodrymonia seriatopunctata (Matsumura, 1925) 狄舟蛾 Neopheosia fasciata (Moore, 1888) 云舟蛾 Netria viridescens Walker, 1855 梭舟蛾 Norracoides basinotatus (Wileman, 1915) 朴娜舟蛾 Notodonta griseotincta Wileman, 1910 褐斑舟蛾 Pantherinus bipunctatus (Okano, 1960) 四星潘舟蛾 Peridea graeseri tayal Kishida, 1986 赭小内斑舟蛾 Peridea moorei Hampson, 星内斑舟蛾 Peridea oberthueri (Staudinger, 1892) 灰内斑舟蛾 Periergos magna (Matsumura, 1920) 皮舟蛾 Phalera angustipennis Matsumura, 1919 榆掌舟蛾 Phalera combusta (Walker, 1855) 剑纹舟蛾 Phalera flavescens (Bremer et Grey, 1852) 苹掌舟蛾 Phalera formosicola Matsumura, 1934 台掌舟蛾 Phalera obscura Wileman, 1910 双星暗舟蛾 Phalera takasagoensis Matsumura, 1919 高砂掌舟蛾 Phalerodonta manleyi (Leech, 1889) 曼蚕舟蛾 Pheosia taiwanognoma Nakamura, 1973 台剑舟蛾 Pheosiopsis cinerea formosana (Okano, 1959) 丽夙舟蛾 Pheosiopsis lusciniola (Nakamura, 1973) 眉簇舟蛾 Polystictina maculata (Moore, 1879) 波斑舟蛾 Pseudofentonia argentifera (Moore, 1866) 三波舟蛾 Pseudosomera noctuiformis Bender et Steiniger, 1984 Pulia albimaculata (Okano, 1958) 蕈纹埔舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera cyanea (Leech, 1889) 青胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera nigribasalis (Wileman, 1910) 云纹胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera perdix (Moore, 1879) 台娃舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera pryeri (Leech, 1889) 黑内角舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera subgeneris ( Strand, 1916) 灰胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera umbrosa Matsumura, 1927 齿纹胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera viridimacula Matsumura, 1922 白斑胯白舟蛾 Quadricalcarifera viridipicta (Wileman, 1910) 苔胯白舟蛾 Rabtala cristata (Butler, 1877) 黄二星舟蛾 Rachia nodyna (Swinhoe, 1907) 枯峭舟蛾 Ramesa albistriga (Moore, 1879) 豹舟蛾 Ramesa tosta Walker, 1855 姬豹舟蛾 Semidonta basalis (Moore, 1865) 槭半齿舟蛾 Shaka mushana Matsumura, 1920 雾社沙舟蛾 Somera viridifusca taiwana Schintlmeister, 1981 瑟舟蛾 Spatalia dives Oberthur, 1884 丽金舟蛾 Stauropus alternus Walker, 1855 龙眼蚁舟蛾 Stauropus basalis usuguronis Matsumura, 1934 褐带蚁舟蛾 Stauropus sikkimensis lushanus Okano, 1960 庐山蚁舟蛾 Stauropus teikichianus Matsumura, 1929 台蚁舟蛾 Struba inconspicua (Wileman, 1914) 黄舟蛾 Tarsolepis fulgurifera Walker, 1858 大银斑舟蛾 Tarsolepis japonica Wileman & South, 1917 肖剑心银斑舟蛾 Tarsolepis taiwana Wileman, 1910 台湾银斑舟蛾 Tensha striatella Matsumura, 1925 天社舟蛾 Togaritensha curvilinea (Wileman, 1911) 黄斑舟蛾 Torigea formosana Nakamura, 1973 点线舟蛾 Urodonta arcuata Alpheraky, 1897 乌卵舟蛾 Uropyia meticulodina (Oberthur, 1884) 核桃美舟蛾 Vaneeckeia pallidifascia centrobrunnea (Matsumura, 1927) 褐丸舟蛾