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稻大鼠

移除 225 位元組, 4 年前
無編輯摘要
稻大鼠是夜間活動的,以[[莎草]]及[[草]]來築巢,有時巢會有通道。牠們的食性很多樣化,會吃[[植物]]、[[真菌]]及多種[[動物]]。群落的[[密度]]一般在每公頃10隻以下,地盤大小為0.23至0.37公頃不等。[[妊娠]]期為25天,每次可以生3至5隻幼鼠,主要都是在[[夏天]]出生。幼鼠出生時依赖性很强,要到幾星期后才斷奶。[[倉鴞]]等都會掠食稻大鼠,在野外的稻大鼠一般都不能活过一年。多種的[[寄生蟲]]會[[寄生]]在稻大鼠之中,而牠們也帶有一種可以感染[[人類]]的[[漢他病毒]]。
 
==生理特徵==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; align: right; margin-left: 0.5em"|+ 不同稻大鼠類群的量度|-! 類群 !! ''n'' 量度標本數量 !! 總長度 !! 尾巴長度 !! 後腳長度|-| ''O.&nbsp;p.&nbsp;palustris''([[新澤西州]])<ref name=Goldman1918/> || 4 || 242 (237-245) || 112 (109-116) || 31 (30-31.5)|-| ''O.&nbsp;p.&nbsp;natator''([[科羅拉多州]])<ref name=Hamilton1955/> || 10 || 281.2 (246-318) || 140.6 (122-173) || 33.1 (28-37)|-| ''O.&nbsp;p.&nbsp;coloratus''(科羅拉多州)<ref name=Hamilton1955/> || 11 || 283.0 (250-326) || 143.5 (123-171) || 33.4 (31-38)|-| ''O.&nbsp;p.&nbsp;texensis''([[德克薩斯州]])<ref name=Goldman1918/> || 8 || 242 (226-279) || 120 (108-133) || 29 (28.5-30.5)|-| ''O.&nbsp;p.&nbsp;planirostris''(科羅拉多州)<ref name=Hamilton1955/> || 14 || 247.5 (226-266) || 129.6 (108-128) || 31 (29-33)|-| ''O.&nbsp;p.&nbsp;sanibeli''(科羅拉多州)<ref name=Hamilton1955/> || 11 || 257.5 (233-274) || 123.6 (111-138) || 31.0 (29-33)|-| [[銀色稻鼠]]([[佛羅里達礁島群]])<ref name=SpitzerLazell1978/> || 2 || 251, 259 || 121, 132 || 32, 32|-| colspan="5" | <small>以上是平均長度,括號內為最小及最大長度,單位為毫米。</small>|}稻大鼠是中等身型的[[齧齒類]],外觀像[[黑鼠]]及[[褐鼠]],但上身及下身的顏色有所不同。<ref name=Wolfe1982>{{Cite journal en|author=Wolfe, J.L.|year=1982|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-176-01-0001.pdf|title=''Oryzomys palustris''|journal=Mammalian Species|volume=176|pages=1-5}}</ref><ref name=WhitakerHamilton1998/><ref name=KaysWilson2000>{{Cite book en|author=Kays, R.W. and Wilson, D.E.|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9lcpz4XSUsEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Mammals of North America|location=Princeton and Oxford|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=240pp.|id=ISBN 0-691-07012-1}}</ref>牠們的毛厚而且短。<ref name=CarletonMusser1989>{{Cite journal en|author=Carleton, M.D. and Musser, G.G.|year=1989|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2246/953|title=Systematic studies of oryzomyine rodents (Muridae, Sigmodontinae): a synopsis of ''Microryzomys''|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=191|pages=1-83}}</ref>上身一般呈灰至灰褐色,[[頭部]]的顏色稍淺,下身急轉為白色。[[頰囊]]細小。[[耳朵]]與上身同色,耳前有一束淺色的毛。尾巴面呈深褐色,底呈淡黃色。<ref name=WhitakerHamilton1998/><ref name=KaysWilson2000/><ref name=Goldman1918/><ref name=CarletonMusser1989/><ref name=Merritt1987/>[[護毛]]很長,尖端呈銀色,稻大鼠的毛色會稍按地理性出現變化。<ref name=CarletonMusser1989/>當牠們游泳時,[[空氣]]會困在毛髮間,可以增加浮力及減少熱能流失。<ref name=Esher1978>{{Cite journal en|author=Esher, R.J., Wolfe, J.L. and Layne, J.N.|year=1978|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1380231|title=Swimming behavior of rice rats (''Oryzomys palustris'') and cotton rats (''Sigmodon hispidus'')|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=59|issue=3|pages=551-8}}</ref>就像其他的[[稻鼠屬]],雌鼠有8個[[額外乳房]]。<ref name=CarletonMusser1989/>
稻大鼠的前腳有4趾,後腳有5趾<ref name=Wolfe1982/>,沒有絨毛。<ref name=Weksler2006>{{Cite journal en|author=Weksler, M., Percequillo, A.R. and Voss, R.S.|year=2006|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5815|title=Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)|journal=American Museum Novitates|volume=3537|pages=1–29}}</ref>大部份腳上的墊都已退化,但在趾間有細小的蹼。<ref name=CarletonMusser1989/><ref name=Weksler2006/>[[佛羅里達礁島群]]的[[銀色稻鼠]]趾上有絨毛,但都已退化。<ref name=SpitzerLazell1978/><ref name=WhitakerHamilton1998/>這些都是水上生活的適應性。<ref name=Weksler2006/>
於1890年代,有幾個稻大鼠的[[亞種]]被描述:於1893年在[[科羅拉多州]]的''natator''<ref name=Chapman1893/>、1894年在[[德克薩斯州]]的''texensis''<ref name=Allen1894/>及1898年在科羅拉多州以外地方的''coloratus''。<ref name=Bangs1898/>[[克林頓·哈特·梅里厄姆]](Clinton Hart Merriam)於1901年確認''natator''其實是另一[[物種]],而''texensis''則差不多與指名亞種的''palustris''完全一樣。<ref name=Merriam1901/>但於1918年,Edward Alphonso Goldman卻認為這些歸納到同一稻大鼠中。他分出了四個亞種,包括''O. p. palustris''、''O. p. natator''、''O. p. coloratus''(包含''O. natator floridanus'')及''O. p. texensis''。<ref name=Goldman1918/>後來又加入了兩個亞種,包括[[松樹島]](Pine Island)的''planirostris''及[[桑尼伯島]](Sanibel Island)的''sanibeli''。<ref name=Hamilton1955/>於1955年,Claude W. Hibbard命名了[[稻鼠屬]]的新種''O. fossilis'',這是來自[[更新世]]地床的[[肯薩斯州]],與現今稻大鼠只有[[牙齒]]上的少許分別。<ref name=Hibbard1955/>但是於1965年,Walter Dalquest根據在德克薩斯州發現,認為這個物種與稻大鼠分別不大,而將之降級成為亞種。<ref name=Dalquest1965>{{Cite journal en|author=Dalquest, W.W.|year=1965|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1301808|title=New Pleistocene formation and local fauna from Hardeman County, Texas|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=39|issue=1|pages=63–79}}</ref>
[[File:Oryzomys palustris distribution Goldman.png|thumb|left|根據Goldman所述稻大鼠的亞種及其分佈:<ol><li>''O. p. palustris'';<li>''O. p. natator'';<li>''O. p. coloratus'';<li>''O. p. texensis''。</ol>]]
梅里厄姆及Goldman發現一些[[中美洲]]物種,包括[[庫氏稻鼠]],及一些不同形態都與稻大鼠有關。<ref name=Merriam1901/><ref name=Goldman1918/>庫氏稻鼠分佈在德克薩斯州北部至最南端,與稻大鼠的分佈地鄰接。於1960年,Raymond Hall指在鄰接地方的一些標本其實是庫氏稻鼠與稻大鼠的中間形態,故此將庫氏稻鼠納入稻大鼠之內。<ref name=Hall1960>{{Cite journal en|author=Hall, E.R.|year=1960|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3669517|title=''Oryzomys couesi'' only subspecifically different from the marsh rice rat, ''Oryzomys palustris''|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|volume=5|issue=3|pages=171–3}}</ref>不過後來卻發現庫氏稻鼠與稻大鼠實際上是有分別,後者較為細小,顏色較灰而非褐色,而且牠們的[[染色體組型圖]]也有分別。<ref name=BensonGehlbach1979>{{Cite journal en|author=Benson, D.E. and Gehlbach, F.R.|year=1979|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1379783|title=Ecological and taxonomic notes on the rice rat (''Oryzomys couesi'') in Texas|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=60|issue=1|pages=225–8}}</ref>自此以後,一般都將兩者看為獨特的物種,而於1994年更發現牠們同時於德克薩斯州南部及[[墨西哥]]的[[塔毛利帕斯州]]生活。<ref name=SchmidtEngstrom1994>{{Cite journal en|author=Schmidt, C.A. and Engstrom, M.D.|year=1994|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1382473|title=Genic variation and systematics of rice rats (''Oryzomys palustris'' species group) in southern Texas and northeastern Tamaulipas, Mexico|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=75|issue=4|pages=914–28}}</ref><ref name=MusserCarleton2005>{{Cite book en|author=Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D.|year=2005|url=http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13000814|chapter=Superfamily Muroidea|pages=Pp. 894–1531|editor=Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.)|title=Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference|edition=3rd ed|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|id=ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0}}</ref>
==行為及生態==
[[File<div style="float:left; margin:-10px 20px 0 0px; text-align:left">{| class="wikitable"|<center><img src="http:Tyto alba close up//www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/birds/%E4%BB%93%E9%B8%AE-147328.jpg|thumb|" width="250"></center><small>[[倉鴞]]是稻大鼠的[[掠食者]] <br> [http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/birds/%E4%BB%93%E9%B8%AE-147328.jpg 原圖鏈結][https://www.google.com/search?q=%E5%80%89%E9%B6%9A&safe=active&sxsrf=ACYBGNTLJrxvzNxodrCrh7jmYYFDbs_3Kg:1579076044022&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=jifHnR6KMllkaM%253A%252C8ZQuDcmITjlZKM%252C%252Fm%252F01kf0_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSbcN5ieaJ1SSQbez_xIUrn792SoQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxk7XVlIXnAhWM7GEKHe4pAxMQ_B0wGnoECAoQAw#imgrc=jifHnR6KMllkaM: 圖片來自naturephoto]</small> |}</div> 
稻大鼠在晚間活動,故此很難看見。牠們會以[[莎草]]及[[草]]來築巢,巢約有13厘米大,會被築在垃圾下、近叢樹、洞穴內或水生[[植物]]之上。牠們也會用[[沼澤鷦鷯]]、[[紅翅黑鸝]]、[[麝鼠]]或[[圓尾麝鼠]]的巢。稻大鼠有時會製造很大通道或挖穴。<ref name=WhitakerHamilton1998/><ref name=Wolfe1982/><ref name=NesmithCox1985>{{Cite journal en|author=Nesmith, C.C. and Cox, J.|year=1985|title=Red-winged blackbird nest usurpation by rice rats in Florida and Mexico|journal=Florida Field Naturalist|volume=13|issue=2|pages=35–6}}</ref>牠們是游泳的能手,在水下很易游多於10米<ref name=WhitakerHamilton1998/><ref name=Wolfe1982/><ref name=Esher1978/>,且當受到危險時,就會逃到水中躲避。<ref name=SchmidlyDavis2004>{{Cite book en|author=Schmidly, D.J. and Davis, W.B.|year=2004|title=The mammals of Texas|edition=2nd edition|publisher=University of Texas Press|pages=501 pp.|id=ISBN 9780292702417}}</ref>在[[佛羅里達礁島群]]的稻大鼠有時會攀到樹上,但從未高於90厘米。<ref name=Goodyear1992>{{Cite journal en|author=Goodyear, N.C.|year=1992|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1381882|title=Spatial overlap and dietary selection of native rice rats and exotic black rats|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=73|issue=1|pages=186-200}}</ref>稻大鼠非常整潔,經常擦洗全身,目的可能是要保持毛皮防水。<ref name=WhitakerHamilton1998/><ref name=Wolfe1982/>牠們對同類帶有攻擊性,打鬥時會發出高音叫聲。<ref name=Wolfe1982/>在密林中,牠們的知覺感受範圍少於10米。<ref name=SchooleyBranch2005>{{Cite journal en|author=Schooley, R.L. and Branch, L.C.|year=2005|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mripas/at/2005/00000050/00000001/art00006|title=Limited perceptual range and anemotaxis in marsh rice rats ''Oryzomys palustris''|journal=Acta Theriologica|volume=50|issue=1|pages=59–66}}</ref>當牠們被釋放到其棲息地以外的地方,牠們會向順風或逆風方向移動,來尋找適合的棲息地。<ref name=SchooleyBranch2005/>
===食性===
[[File<div style="float:left; margin:-10px 20px 0 0px; text-align:left">{| class="wikitable"|<center><img src="https:Spartina alterniflora//www.itsfun.com.tw/cacheimg/77/e4/83582a4d33ef464744f453f25d6d.jpg|thumb|left|" width="250"></center><small>[[互花米草]]是稻大鼠的食物 <br> [https://www.itsfun.com.tw/cacheimg/77/e4/83582a4d33ef464744f453f25d6d.jpg 原圖鏈結][https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ACYBGNQb78GG_7BJXE3kHhoEtkX8itNqhA%3A1579076070261&sa=1&ei=5skeXtW-D8ysmAX85ayADQ&q=%E4%BA%92%E8%8A%B1%E7%B1%B3%E8%8D%89&oq=%E8%AD%B7%E8%8A%B1%E7%B1%B3%E8%8D%89&gs_l=img.1.0.0i10i24.553208.559876..563375...1.0..0.64.649.16......0....1..gws-wiz-img.....10..0j35i39j35i362i39j0i24.BmeSuXRrtNc#imgrc=RXgGQRKPsMPgdM: 圖片來自華人百科]</small> |}</div> 
稻大鼠會以[[植物]]及[[動物]]為食物,主要的食物會隨季節而變更。植物食物包括[[大米草]]、[[鹽角草屬]]、[[磨擦草屬]]及[[披鹼草屬]]等;牠們主要吃[[種子]]及肉質部份。<ref name=WhitakerHamilton1998/><ref name=Wolfe1982/>研究發現牠們喜歡吃[[互花米草]]的莖內組織,可能是該部份含有較少[[二甲基巰基丙酸內鹽]]。<ref name=Otto2004>{{Cite journal en|author=Otte, M.L., Wilson, G., Morris, J.T. and Moran, B.M.|year=2004|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh178|title=Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and related compounds in higher plants|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=55|issue=404|pages=1919–25}}</ref>稻大鼠是[[稻米]]的主要[[害蟲]],會吃剛種植的稻米。牠們有時也會吃[[內生菌屬]]。<ref name=WhitakerHamilton1998/><ref name=Wolfe1982/>
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