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卢恩字母

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创建页面,内容为“{{no footnotes|time=2018-01-16T15:29:55+00:00}} {{Infobox Writing system |name=卢恩字母 |type=全音素文字 |languages=日耳曼语族 |time=古弗…”
{{no footnotes|time=2018-01-16T15:29:55+00:00}}
{{Infobox Writing system
|name=卢恩字母
|type=[[全音素文字]]
|languages=[[日耳曼语族]]
|time=[[古弗萨克文]]从公元二世纪起。
|fam1=[[肺尼基字母]]
|fam2=[[希腊字母]]([[库迈字母]])
|fam3=[[古意大利字母]]
|sisters=[[拉丁字母]]
|children=[[后弗萨克文]],[[盎格鲁撒克逊弗托克文]]
|iso15924=Runr
|sample=CodexRunicus.jpeg
|imagesize=250px
|caption=在Vaksala Runestone上的后弗萨克刻印文字
}}
{{alphabet}}
{{Contains Runic text}}
'''卢恩字母'''(Runes)又称为'''如尼字母'''或'''北欧字母''',是一类已灭绝的[[字母]],在[[中世纪]]的[[欧洲]]用来书写某些北欧[[日耳曼语族]]的语言,特别在[[斯堪的纳维亚半岛]]与[[不列颠群岛]]通用。斯堪的纳维亚半岛所用的卢恩文字被称作'''Futhark''',不列颠岛所用的卢恩文字被称作'''Futhorc'''。

== 历史 ==
至今发现最早的如尼刻文定期为公元[[二世纪]]左右,随着[[基督教]]传入北欧,如尼字母逐渐被[[拉丁字母]]取代。公元[[六世纪]]左右,卢恩字母在中欧消失;公元[[十一世纪]]左右也在斯堪的纳维亚半岛消失,但在斯堪的纳维亚,卢恩字母还常常被用在装饰图案上。卢恩符文曾是古老欧洲民族如维京、日耳曼、塞尔特、和盎格鲁萨克逊所广泛使用的字母。卢恩已存在数千年之久,有些古老符文曾出现在世界上的古代洞穴壁画中。

三种最著名的卢恩字母是:
* {{link-en|古弗萨克文|Elder Futhark}}(约150年至800年)
* {{link-en|盎格鲁撒克逊弗托克文|Anglo-Saxon Futhorc}}(400年至1100年)
* {{link-en|后弗萨克文|Younger Futhark}}(年800至1100年)

后弗萨克文进一步被分成:

* [[丹麦|丹麦语]]弗萨克字体
* [[瑞典|瑞典语]]–[[挪威|挪威语]]卢恩字体(另:Short-twig或Rök Runes)
* Hälsinge Runes(不属于任何国家的卢恩文)

后弗萨克文字进一步再发展成:
* Marcomannic Runes
* Medieval Runes(1100–1500)
* [[Dalecarlian]] Runes(ca. 1500–1800s)

== 字母表 ==
=== 古弗萨克文 ===
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"
!卢恩字母
![[UCS]]
![[转写]]
![[IPA]]
![[原始日耳曼语]]名字
!含义
|-
|[[File:Runic letter fehu.svg|14x30px|f]] || {{runic|[[ᚠ]]}}
!f
| {{IPAslink|f}}
|*fehu
|"财富,牛"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter uruz.svg|14x30px|u]] || {{runic|[[ᚢ]]}}
!u
| {{IPAslink|u}}, {{IPAslink|uː}}
|?*ūruz
|"[[原牛|aurochs]]"(或*ûram "water/slag"?)
|-
|[[File:Runic letter thurisaz.svg|14x30px|th,þ]] || {{runic|[[ᚦ]]}}
![[þ]]
| {{IPAslink|θ}}, {{IPAslink|ð}}
|?*þurisaz
|"[[索尔]], [[霜巨人|巨人]]"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter ansuz.svg|14x30px|a]] || {{runic|[[ᚨ]]}}
!a
| {{IPAslink|a}}, {{IPAslink|aː}}
|*ansuz
|"[[阿萨神族|诸神]]"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter raido.svg|14x30px|r]] || {{runic|[[ᚱ]]}}
!r
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|*raidō
|"骑乘,旅行"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter kauna.svg|14x30px|k]] || {{runic|[[ᚲ]]}}
!k
| {{IPAslink|k}}
|?*kaunan
|"火焰、火炬"(或*Kenaz)
|-
|[[File:Runic letter gebo.svg|14x30px|g]] || {{runic|[[ᚷ]]}}
!g
| {{IPAslink|g}}
|*gebō
|"赠礼"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter wunjo.svg|14x30px|w]] || {{runic|[[ᚹ]]}}
!w
| {{IPAslink|w}}
|*wunjō
|"喜悦"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter haglaz.svg|14x30px|h]] [[File:Runic letter haglaz variant.svg|14x30px|h]] || {{runic|[[ᚺ|ᚺ ᚻ]]}}
!h
| {{IPAslink|h}}
|*hagalaz
|"[[冰雹]]"(降水)
|-
|[[File:Runic letter naudiz.svg|14x30px|n]] || {{runic|[[ᚾ]]}}
!n
| {{IPAslink|n}}
|*naudiz
|"需求"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter isaz.svg|14x30px|i]] || {{runic|[[ᛁ]]}}
!i
| {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|iː}}
|*īsaz
|"冰"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter jeran.svg|14x30px|j]] || {{runic|[[ᛃ]]}}
!j
| {{IPAslink|j}}
|*jēra-
|"丰收,丰年"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter iwaz.svg|14x30px|ï,ei]] || {{runic|[[ᛇ]]}}
! ï(或æ)
| {{IPAslink|æ}}, {{IPAslink|æː}}(?)
|*ī(h)waz/*ei(h)waz
|"紫杉树"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter pertho.svg|14x30px|p]] || {{runic|[[ᛈ]]}}
!p
| {{IPAslink|p}}
|?*perþ-
|含义不明,可能"pear-tree,签筒,决疑"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter algiz.svg|14x30px|z]] || {{runic|[[ᛉ]]}}
!z
| {{IPAslink|z}}
|?*algiz
|含义不明,可能"[[驼鹿|驼鹿]]"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter sowilo.svg|14x30px|s]] [[File:Runic letter sowilo variant.svg|14x30px|s]]|| {{runic|[[ᛊ]]}}
!s
| {{IPAslink|s}}
|*sōwilō
|"太阳"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter tiwaz.svg|14x30px|t]] || {{runic|[[ᛏ]]}}
!t
| {{IPAslink|t}}
|*tīwaz/*teiwaz
|"[[提尔|提尔]]"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter berkanan.svg|14x30px|b]] || {{runic|[[ᛒ]]}}
!b
| {{IPAslink|b}}
|*berkanan
|"[[桦木属|birch]]"桦木
|-
|[[File:Runic letter ehwaz.svg|14x30px|e]] || {{runic|[[ᛖ]]}}
!e
| {{IPAslink|e}}, {{IPAslink|eː}}
|*ehwaz
|"马"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter mannaz.svg|14x30px|m]] || {{runic|[[ᛗ]]}}
!m
| {{IPAslink|m}}
|*mannaz
|"人"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter laukaz.svg|14x30px|l]] || {{runic|[[ᛚ]]}}
!l
| {{IPAslink|l}}
|*laguz
|"水,湖泊"(或可能*laukaz "leek")
|-
|[[File:Runic letter ingwaz.svg|14x30px|ŋ]] [[File:Runic letter ingwaz variant.svg|14x30px|ŋ]] [[File:Runic letter ingwaz variant.png|16px|ŋ]] || {{runic|[[ᛜ|ᛜ ᛝ]]}}
![[ŋ]]
| {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|*ingwaz
|"天使,Ingwaz神"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter othalan.svg|14x30px|o]] || {{runic|[[ᛟ]]}}
!o
| {{IPAslink|o}}, {{IPAslink|oː}}
|*ōþila-/*ōþala-
|"heritage, estate, possession"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter dagaz.svg|14x30px|d]] || {{runic|[[ᛞ]]}}
!d
| {{IPAslink|d}}
|*dagaz
|"day"
|}

=== 盎格鲁撒克逊弗托克文 ===
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"
! 卢恩字母 !! [[UCS]] !! [[古英语]]名字 !! 含义 !! [[转写]] !! [[IPA]]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter fehu.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚠ}} || feoh || 财富 || f || [f], [v]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter uruz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚢ}} || ur || [[原牛]] || u ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter thurisaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚦ}} || þorn || 刺 || þ, ð || [θ], [ð]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter os.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚩ}} || ós || [一个]神 || ó ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter raido.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚱ}} || rad || 骑乘 || r ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter cen.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚳ}} || cen || 火炬 || c || [k]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter gebo.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚷ}} || gyfu || 礼物 || {{lang|ang|ȝ}} || [g], [j]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter wunjo.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚹ}} || wynn || 欢乐 || w, {{lang|ang|ƿ}} || [w]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter haglaz variant.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚻ}} || hægl || hail (降水) || h ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter naudiz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚾ}} || nyd || 需要,遇险 || n ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter isaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛁ}} || is || 冰 || i ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ger.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛄ}} || ger || 年,收获 || j ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter iwaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛇ}} || eoh || 紫杉 || eo ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter pertho.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛈ}} || peorð || (未知) || p ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter algiz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛉ}} || eolh || 麋鹿莎草 || x ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter sigel.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛋ}} || sigel || 太阳 || s || [s], [z]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter tiwaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛏ}} || Tiw || 上帝Tiw || t ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter berkanan.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛒ}} || beorc || 桦木 || b ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ehwaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛖ}} || eh || 马 || e ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter mannaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛗ}} || mann || 人 || m ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter laukaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛚ}} || lagu || 湖 || l ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ingwaz variant.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛝ}} || ing || Ing (一名英雄) || ŋ ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter othalan.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛟ}} || éðel || 房地产 || œ ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter dagaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛞ}} || dæg || 一天 || d ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ac.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚪ}} || ac || 橡树 || a ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ansuz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚫ}} || [[æ]]sc || 梣树 || æ ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter yr.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚣ}} || yr || 弓 || y ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ior.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛡ}} || ior || 鳗鱼 || ia, io ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ear.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛠ}} || ear || 坟墓 || ea ||
|}

== 日常用途 ==
卢恩文字在日常生活的应用如同文字记载,也被当时人们运用于饰品及建筑。另外,古代欧洲僧侣曾将其视为与神明沟通之工具。
卢恩文字会被用在巫术中。

另外,在游戏“以撒的结合”中,有八个卢恩字母被引用为符文。

== 卢恩碑文 ==
{| style="background:white;" class="wikitable"
!地区
!卢恩碑文的数目
|-
|[[瑞典]]
|3432
|-
|[[挪威]]
|1552
|-
|[[丹麦]]
|844
|-
|'''斯堪地那维亚总计'''
|'''5826'''
|-
|除斯堪地那维亚和弗里西亚外的欧洲大陆
|80
|-
|弗里西亚
|20
|-
|除爱尔兰外的不列颠群岛
|> 200
|-
|[[格陵兰]]
|> 100
|-
|[[冰岛]]
|< 100
|-
|[[爱尔兰岛]]
|16
|-
|[[法罗群岛]]
|9
|-
|'''非斯堪地那维亚总计'''
|'''> 500'''
|-
|'''总计'''
|'''> 6400'''
|}

== 当代应用 ==
=== 商标 ===
[[蓝牙]]的标志是卢恩字母 [[Image:Runic letter ior.svg|8px]]({{link-en|Haglaz|Haglaz|Hagall}},ᚼ)和 [[Image:Runic letter berkanan.svg|8px]]({{link-en|Berkanan|Berkanan|Bjarkan}},ᛒ)的组合,也就是{{lang|da|Harald Blåtand}}的首字母HB的合写。

=== 占卜 ===
以古早传下来的,将刻上了卢恩字母的石头、树、金属、玻璃等物件,全部掷出之后挑出一个并且唸咒的方式。不过,现今一般的作法,改以将全部的卢恩字母放在袋中,一边默想问题,一边抓出一个卢恩字母来作为回答。另外,近来也常出现抽取印製在纸上的字母卡这种方式。

== 卢恩字母编码 ==
支援卢恩文范围的Unicode字型包括[[免费Unicode字型|免费]]的[[Junicode]]、[[免费UCS大纲字型|Free Mono]]、[[Caslon Roman]],以及收费的[[Code2000]]、[[Everson Mono]]、[[TITUS Cyberbit Basic]]等。

{{Unicode chart Runic}}

== 相似字母 ==
* [[古匈牙利字母]]

== 参考文献 ==
{{refbegin}}
* Erik Brate: ''Sveriges runinskrifter'', 1922([http://www.runor.se/ online text] in [[Swedish language|Swedish]])
* R.I. Page. ''An Introduction to English Runes''. The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1999. ISBN 0-85115-768-8.
* Orrin W. Robinson. ''Old English and its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages'' Stanford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8047-1454-1
* Thomas Karlsson. ''Uthark - Nightside of the runes'', 2002. [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/9197410217/qid=1122336489/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i1_xgl/026-3308096-6778846 (Amazon.co.uk)]
{{refend}}
{{Runes}}

== 外部连结 ==
{{commons|Runes}}
* [http://www.arild-hauge.com/eindex.htm History, development and systems of runes]
* [http://www.antalyaonline.net/futhark/ Mystery Of The Futhark Alphabet]
* [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223144839/http://ancientscripts.com/futhark.html the Futhark](ancientscripts.com)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm Omniglot Rune Page]
* [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/germ/runealph.htm The Development of Old Germanic Alphabets](titus.uni-frankfurt.de, with an image of the [[Negau helmet]])
* Encoding
** [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A0.pdf Unicode Code Chart (PDF)]
* Esoteric Rune Study
** [http://www.runegild.org/ Rune Gild]
** [http://www.runeschool.org Rune School]
** [http://www.mackaos.com.au/Rune-Net Rune-Net]
** [http://www.runewebvitki.com/ Runewebvitki]
* [https://wicca.tw/Runes/ Runes - 森野秘境 - 卢恩符文教学网]

{{List of writing systems}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:字母]]
[[Category:欧洲文字]]
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