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黑石號
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'''黑石号沉船'''({{lang-id|'''bangkai kapal Batu Hitam'''}}),又名'''勿里洞沉船'''({{lang-id|'''bangkai kapal Belitung'''}})或'''唐代沉船'''({{lang-id|'''bangkai kapal Tang'''}})<ref name=MarineEX1>{{cite web|title=THE BELITUNG (TANG) SHIPWRECK (9th C.)|url=http://www.maritime-explorations.com/belitung.htm|publisher=Marine Explorations|accessdate=15 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212155557/http://maritime-explorations.com/belitung.htm|archivedate=12 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo2">{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/tang-shipwreck/worrall-text/1 |title=Tang Shipwreck |publisher=National Geographic |date=June 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011 |author=Worrall, Simon |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901043146/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/tang-shipwreck/worrall-text/1 |archivedate=September 1, 2009 }}</ref>,是一艘公元830年左右行驶于中国至中东航线的[[阿拉伯帆船]]的遗骸<ref name=MarineEX2>{{cite web|title=Belitung Wreck Details & Photos|url=http://www.maritime-explorations.com/belitung%20artefacts.htm|publisher=Marine Exploration|accessdate=15 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001090716/http://maritime-explorations.com/belitung%20artefacts.htm|archivedate=1 October 2008}}</ref>。这艘船已经完成了从[[阿拉伯]]至[[中国]]的航程,但在返航中在距离今[[印度尼西亚]][[勿里洞岛]]近1.6千米处沉没<ref name=SEAArch1>{{cite web|title=The Belitung Shipwreck|url=http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/06/28/the-belitung-shipwreck/|publisher=South East Asian Archaeology|accessdate=18 February 2011|date=28 June 2007|quote=The Belitung shipwreck is located a little too far south.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611055106/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/06/28/the-belitung-shipwreck/|archivedate=11 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7675866.stm|title=The treasure trove making waves|author=|date=18 October 2008|work=|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=15 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611055106/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/06/28/the-belitung-shipwreck/|archivedate=2009-06-11|dead-url=no}}</ref>。沉船于1998年被发现,后于1998年和1999年由一家商业公司进行发掘<ref name="NatGeo2" />,出水文物被[[新加坡政府]]获得。
===起源===
黑石号沉船于1998年由一位渔民发现于[[加斯帕爾海峽|加斯帕尔海峡]]16米深的海底<ref name=NatGeo2/>,因发现地靠近一块黑色大礁岩得名“Batu Hitam”,中文译为“黑石号”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-01/23/c_1117871315.htm|title=新加坡展出唐代沉船“黑石号”珍宝|accessdate=2018-02-06|author=|date=2016-01-23|work=|publisher=新华网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005622/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-01/23/c_1117871315.htm|archive-date=2018-02-07|dead-url=no}}</ref>。此后,发现地被从当地渔民手中买走<ref name=MarineEX1/>,开展发掘的许可被授予印尼当地的一家公司<ref name="FSSB">{{cite web|title=Media Backgrounder: Discovery, Recovery, Conservation and Exhibition of the Belitung Cargo|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/press/2011/prShipwreckedBackgrounder.asp|work=Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds|publisher=Freer Sackler, Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=6 July 2011|quote=The Indonesian navy was permanently deployed at the base camp during the monsoon and did its best to safeguard the site ... A license was issued to a local salvage company by the Republic of Indonesia’s National Committee for Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunken Ships (PANNAS BMKT), the government agency with oversight authority for sunken vessels and cargo ... The Indonesian salvage company executed a contract of cooperation with Seabed Explorations.|date=30 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606093628/http://www.asia.si.edu/press/2011/prShipwreckedBackgrounder.asp|archivedate=2011年6月6日|deadurl=yes}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|在媒体和互联网中似乎并无任何对这家印尼公司的提及,迄今最详细的资料来自[[史密森尼学会]]2011年为[[亚瑟·M·赛克勒美术馆|赛克勒美术馆]]取消相关展览所作的伦理说明<ref name=SIbriefEthics>{{cite web|title=Tang cargo exhibit: Briefing paper|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/SW-CulturalHeritage/downloads/Ethics_Tang_Briefing.pdf|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=7 August 2011|page=1|type=Memo|quote=The license was issued to a limited liability salvage company organized under the laws of the Republic of Indonesia, for a period of five years. The licensee executed a contract of cooperation with Seabed Explorations GbR|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014942/http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/SW-CulturalHeritage/downloads/Ethics_Tang_Briefing.pdf|archivedate=2011年6月4日|df=}}</ref>|group="注"}}。发掘随后在一纸合作协议下由[[德国]]人[[蒂尔曼·沃特方]](Tilman Walterfang)及其在“海底探索”公司(Seabed Explorations)中的队伍进行<ref name="FSSB"/><ref name=SIbriefEthics/>,周边的安保工作则由印尼海军提供<ref name="FSSB"/>。发掘共实施了两次,第一次于1998年8月开始,第二次于1999年开始<ref name=MarineEX1/>。“海底探索”公司为打捞提供了船只以及在西北季风到来前和季风期间印尼海军提供安保服务的费用<ref name="FSSB"/>。
===航线===
根据黑石号上所载的货物推测,黑石号可能从中国[[扬州市|扬州]]出发,并曾在中国[[广州市|广州]]补给<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yznews.com.cn/yzwb/html/2014-08/15/content_611549.htm|title=“黑石号”不少宝贝都是扬州造|accessdate=2018-02-06|author=|date=|work=|publisher=扬州晚报|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005644/http://www.yznews.com.cn/yzwb/html/2014-08/15/content_611549.htm|archive-date=2018-02-07|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。黑石号沉没的地点距离常见的中国至阿拉伯航线较远,导致偏离的原因尚不清楚。大多数从中国到阿拉伯的船只都会穿过[[南海]]。这些船只会在经过[[廖内群岛]]后转向西北方向,进入[[马来半岛]]和[[蘇門答臘|苏门答腊]]之间的[[马六甲海峡]](右图红线所示)。沉没地点勿里洞岛距离新加坡海峡有610千米,距离常见的航线有一定的距离,而船只如何进入这一区域尚没有确切的答案<ref name="SEAArch1"/>。经过勿里洞岛的航线更有可能是从[[爪哇海]]至马六甲海峡的船只使用的航线<ref name="BBC1" />。
===船只構造===
黑石号为第一艘发现和发掘的古代阿拉伯沉船<ref name="STTaTWFlecker">{{cite book|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/Shipwrecked/downloads/07Flecker.pdf|title=Shipwrecked; Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds.|author=Michael Flecker|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|accessdate=18 August 2011|year=2010|isbn=978-1-58834-305-5|location=Washington, D.C.|page=101|chapter=A Ninth-Century Arab or Indian Shipwreck in Indonesia: The First Archaeological Evidence of Direct Trade with China|type=PDF|quote=This is the first ancient Arab shipwreck to be found and excavated|editor1=Regina Krahl|editor2=John Guy|editor3=J. Keith Wilson|editor4=Julian Raby|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927152249/http://www.asia.si.edu/Shipwrecked/downloads/07Flecker.pdf|archivedate=2012年9月27日|df=}}</ref>{{rp|101}}。沉船约18米长,6.4米宽<ref name=WAMF>{{cite journal|last=Flecker|first=Michael|title=A ninth-century AD Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesia: First evidence for direct trade with China|journal=World Archaeology|date=1 January 2001|volume=32|series=Shipwrecks|issue=3|pages=335–354|doi=10.1080/00438240120048662|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd.}}</ref>,木板使用[[椰子纖維|椰壳纤维]]制成的细绳连接而成,而不是后世阿拉伯传统的使用钉子固定的技术<ref name=STTaTWFlecker/>{{rp|101}}。
沉船的木材遗骸被发现于一片海洋沉积物下,因沉积物的存在,得以避开海底蠕虫的侵蚀而得到保存<ref name=ADN>{{cite web|title=Secrets of the Tang Treasure Ship|url=http://www.archaeologydaily.com/news/200908091865/Secrets-of-the-Tang-Treasure-Ship.html|publisher=Archaeology Daily News|accessdate=24 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155328/http://www.archaeologydaily.com/news/200908091865/Secrets-of-the-Tang-Treasure-Ship.html|archivedate=2011年7月7日}}</ref>。同时期沉船的遗骸非常稀少,黑石号因为有这样优良的保存条件,大量的船壳遗骸存留至今<ref name=ARI16b>{{cite journal|title=The Pre-Modern East Asian Maritime Realm: An Overview of European-Language Studies|journal=Working Paper Series|date=December 2003|volume=No. 16|author=Geoff Wade|publisher=Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore|page=20}}</ref>。由于黑石号之前,人们并没有发现类似的阿拉伯船只,更不用说满载货物的船只,黑石号的发现为研究者提供了公元9世纪时如何建造船舶的信息<ref name=MarineEX1/>。
足够的木材残留使得研究者能够分析和确定木材的树种。据估计,船只建造于西亚,被阿拉伯商人购买后用于在阿曼至中国的航线上行驶。船上不少文物的形制都受到了阿拉伯文化的影响<ref name=IJNAFlecker1>{{cite journal|last=Flecker|first=Michael|title=A 9th-century Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesian waters|journal=The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology|date=1 August 2000|volume=29|issue=2|pages=199–217|doi=10.1006/ijna.2000.0316|publisher=IJNA}}</ref>。
黑石号建造在一条长约15.3米,厚约14~15厘米的[[龙骨]]周围,据信龙骨至今保存完好<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。前部船首[[斜角]]为61°,艏标使用[[榫卯]]结构连接到龙骨上,并使用16毫米直径的绳索加固<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。船壳的木板上穿有间隔为5~6厘米的孔洞,然后缝合到船体肋骨和龙骨上<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。船体下半肋骨上设有内龙骨以增强强度<ref name=WAMF />。
参与发掘的首席考古学家[[迈克尔·弗莱克]](Michael Flecker)比较了黑石号和同时期三种类型的沉船,认为黑石号代表的是最早于公元5世纪在东南亚使用的缝合帆船<ref name=WAMF />。迈克尔指出,完全由缝合法建造的船只曾在非洲海岸、阿曼、红海、印度沿岸以及[[马尔代夫]]等地都有发现<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。他同时指出,公元6世纪罗马史学家普罗科匹厄斯曾在书中提到,印度的海中有使用类似的用木板缝合而成的船只<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。尽管在黑石号之前发现的沉船中,从未发现类似的阿拉伯船只,但在晚唐人[[劉恂 (唐朝)|刘恂]]所撰地理杂记《[[嶺表錄異|岭表录异]]》中曾经提到,“賈人船不用鐵釘,只使桄榔須系縛,以橄欖糖泥之。糖幹甚堅,入水如漆也”,可能指的正是这种船只<ref name=STTaMWExCatGuyp24>{{cite book|title=Shipwrecked; Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds.|year=2010|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1-58834-305-5|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/shipwrecked/downloads/02Guy.pdf|author=John Guy|edition=Cloth|editor=John Guy|accessdate=18 August 2011|page=24|chapter=Rare and Strange Goods: International Trade in Ninth-Century Asia|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927152349/http://www.asia.si.edu/Shipwrecked/downloads/02Guy.pdf|archivedate=2012年9月27日|df=}}</ref>。
===木材===
沉船中木材的样品被送至澳大利亚[[联邦科学与工业研究组织]](CSIRO)中的森林和林业产品部门,由木材辨认专家[[朱戈·艾利奇]](Jugo Ilic)进行分析<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/><ref name=CSIROIlicdiv>{{cite web|title=Wood identification – Indiana Jones' envy|publisher=CSIRO|accessdate=18 August 2011|type = Press release|date=12 January 2000|url=http://www.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2000/WoodIdentification.htm|archive-url=https://archive.is/20100606022935/http://www.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2000/WoodIdentification.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=6 June 2010}}</ref>。许多样本由于糟朽严重,细胞中的纤维素已经缺失,以至于不能对木材的种属给出确切的结论<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。但与此同时,也有不少木材样本的种属被确定。[[柚木]]被用于制造龙骨,这种木材能够抵抗[[船蛆]]的侵蚀。天花板使用的是[[柏木属]]木材,可能是[[西藏柏木]]。艏标使用[[蔷薇木]]制成,木材属于[[豆目]]植物,可能是[[黄檀属]]或者[[紫檀属]]。沉船船尾发现的木箱则是使用[[桑科]][[桂木属]]植物制作<ref name="IJNAFlecker1" />。
船壳所使用的木材种属并未得到明确,但据估计应是[[楝科]][[崖摩属]]植物。大部分肋骨使用的木材同样未能确定种属,除了一根被确定为崖摩属或豆目[[缅茄属]]植物<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。缅茄属的三种主要物种{{link-en|非洲缅茄|Afzelia africana}}、{{link-en|拜宾德缅茄|Afzelia bipindensis}}和{{link-en|厚裂缅茄|Afzelia pachyloba}}主要分布在非洲的一小部分地区,从西海岸中部至东海岸呈长条形带状分布<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/><ref name=NatGeo3>{{cite web|title=Feature Article: Tang Shipwreck|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/tang-shipwreck/worrall-text/3|publisher=National Geographic|quote=...found in Oman and known as a baitl qarib ... it was built of African and Indian wood |accessdate=19 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523162518/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/tang-shipwreck/worrall-text/3|archivedate=23 May 2009}}</ref>。
尽管肋骨使用了只分布于非洲一小片区域的树种,在分析了船壳的形制、树种和建造方式后,艾利奇得出结论认为,船只的建造地点可能在阿拉伯或者印度。在这一时期,两地的造船技术几乎没有区别,因而无法进行进一步的区分<ref name=ARI16b/>。印度更有可能是船只实际建造的地点,但阿拉伯地区的可能性并没有被完全排除,因为这些树木常常被阿拉伯地区进口用于建造船只<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。弗莱克则在2010年为赛克勒艺术馆制作的展陈目录中称,“从建造的方式、材料以及船壳的形状来看,作者可以确定勿里洞沉船就是一艘阿拉伯船只”<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>{{rp|119}}。
===修建===
当下对黑石号这艘阿拉伯帆船建造材料和工艺的了解主要来源于沉船本身。对沉船的复原显示,黑石号的外形与[[阿曼]]至今仍在使用的一种称为baitl qarib的船只非常相似<ref name="NatGeo3" />。在沉船的船壳内,包含众多大块凝结物,其中的货物包含公元800年左右中国唐朝出产的物件,这也是黑石号沉船得名“唐代沉船”或者“唐代宝船”的原因<ref name="NatGeo3" /><ref name="NatGeo4">{{cite web|title=SECRETS OF TANG TREASURE SHIP: ABOUT|url=http://natgeotv.com/asia/secrets-of-the-tang-treasure-ship/about|publisher=National Geographic Channel|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227212050/http://natgeotv.com/asia/secrets-of-the-tang-treasure-ship/about|archive-date=2017-12-27|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
船只残留的木材和文物于2011年首度向公众展示,首次展示地点位于新加坡[[濱海灣金沙]]旁的[[藝術科學博物館]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds Opens in Singapore|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/2011-02-28-shipwrecked-tang-treasures-and-monsoon-winds-opens-singapore|work=The Maritime Executive|accessdate=2019-04-21|language=en|author=|date=2011-02-28|publisher=}}</ref>。因为黑石号发现的重要性,阿曼和新加坡政府合作建造了等比例复建的“{{Link-en|马斯喀特之宝|Jewel of Muscat}}”船,陈列于位于圣淘沙的海事博物馆及水族馆<ref name="JewelConstHomage">{{cite web|title=Information Part 2|url=http://education.jewelofmuscat.tv/node/123|work=Advanced History|publisher=Sultanate of Oman|accessdate=8 July 2011|author=The Jewel of Muscat Project|year=2009|quote=In 1998, a shipwreck was discovered off the Indonesian island of Belitung ... Sultan Qaboos bin Said is presenting the people of Singapore with the Jewel of Muscat, a reconstruction of the 9th-century Arab trading ship discovered near the island of Belitung.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708201926/http://education.jewelofmuscat.tv/node/123|archivedate=2011年7月8日}}</ref>。
===遺物===
黑石号搭载的货物类型包含碗碟、铜镜、香料罐、水罐、[[陪葬品|明器]]和镀金银盒等,总数超过6万件<ref name="MarineEX2b">{{cite web|url=http://www.maritime-explorations.com/belitung.htm|title=THE BELITUNG (TANG) SHIPWRECK (9th C.)|accessdate=19 February 2011|publisher=Marine Explorations|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212155557/http://maritime-explorations.com/belitung.htm|archivedate=12 February 2009|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo4" />,被[[大都會藝術博物館|纽约大都会艺术馆]]南亚和东南亚艺术馆馆长[[约翰·盖伊]](John Guy)称为“最大和最丰富的9世纪早期中国南方金器及陶瓷货物窖藏”<ref name="NatGeo3" />。出水文物中还包括香料和树脂,以及用于压仓的金属锭<ref name="NatGeo4" />。
==参考资料==
{{reflist|2}}
|<center>'''黑石號'''<br><img src="https://s.zimedia.com.tw/s/XMeDbK-0" width="280"></center><small>[https://zi.media/@yidianzixun/post/XMeDbK] 圖片來自Zi 字媒體
</small>
|}
'''黑石号沉船'''({{lang-id|'''bangkai kapal Batu Hitam'''}}),又名'''勿里洞沉船'''({{lang-id|'''bangkai kapal Belitung'''}})或'''唐代沉船'''({{lang-id|'''bangkai kapal Tang'''}})<ref name=MarineEX1>{{cite web|title=THE BELITUNG (TANG) SHIPWRECK (9th C.)|url=http://www.maritime-explorations.com/belitung.htm|publisher=Marine Explorations|accessdate=15 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212155557/http://maritime-explorations.com/belitung.htm|archivedate=12 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo2">{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/tang-shipwreck/worrall-text/1 |title=Tang Shipwreck |publisher=National Geographic |date=June 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011 |author=Worrall, Simon |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901043146/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/tang-shipwreck/worrall-text/1 |archivedate=September 1, 2009 }}</ref>,是一艘公元830年左右行驶于中国至中东航线的[[阿拉伯帆船]]的遗骸<ref name=MarineEX2>{{cite web|title=Belitung Wreck Details & Photos|url=http://www.maritime-explorations.com/belitung%20artefacts.htm|publisher=Marine Exploration|accessdate=15 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001090716/http://maritime-explorations.com/belitung%20artefacts.htm|archivedate=1 October 2008}}</ref>。这艘船已经完成了从[[阿拉伯]]至[[中国]]的航程,但在返航中在距离今[[印度尼西亚]][[勿里洞岛]]近1.6千米处沉没<ref name=SEAArch1>{{cite web|title=The Belitung Shipwreck|url=http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/06/28/the-belitung-shipwreck/|publisher=South East Asian Archaeology|accessdate=18 February 2011|date=28 June 2007|quote=The Belitung shipwreck is located a little too far south.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611055106/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/06/28/the-belitung-shipwreck/|archivedate=11 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7675866.stm|title=The treasure trove making waves|author=|date=18 October 2008|work=|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=15 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611055106/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2007/06/28/the-belitung-shipwreck/|archivedate=2009-06-11|dead-url=no}}</ref>。沉船于1998年被发现,后于1998年和1999年由一家商业公司进行发掘<ref name="NatGeo2" />,出水文物被[[新加坡政府]]获得。
===起源===
黑石号沉船于1998年由一位渔民发现于[[加斯帕爾海峽|加斯帕尔海峡]]16米深的海底<ref name=NatGeo2/>,因发现地靠近一块黑色大礁岩得名“Batu Hitam”,中文译为“黑石号”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-01/23/c_1117871315.htm|title=新加坡展出唐代沉船“黑石号”珍宝|accessdate=2018-02-06|author=|date=2016-01-23|work=|publisher=新华网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005622/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-01/23/c_1117871315.htm|archive-date=2018-02-07|dead-url=no}}</ref>。此后,发现地被从当地渔民手中买走<ref name=MarineEX1/>,开展发掘的许可被授予印尼当地的一家公司<ref name="FSSB">{{cite web|title=Media Backgrounder: Discovery, Recovery, Conservation and Exhibition of the Belitung Cargo|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/press/2011/prShipwreckedBackgrounder.asp|work=Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds|publisher=Freer Sackler, Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=6 July 2011|quote=The Indonesian navy was permanently deployed at the base camp during the monsoon and did its best to safeguard the site ... A license was issued to a local salvage company by the Republic of Indonesia’s National Committee for Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunken Ships (PANNAS BMKT), the government agency with oversight authority for sunken vessels and cargo ... The Indonesian salvage company executed a contract of cooperation with Seabed Explorations.|date=30 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606093628/http://www.asia.si.edu/press/2011/prShipwreckedBackgrounder.asp|archivedate=2011年6月6日|deadurl=yes}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|在媒体和互联网中似乎并无任何对这家印尼公司的提及,迄今最详细的资料来自[[史密森尼学会]]2011年为[[亚瑟·M·赛克勒美术馆|赛克勒美术馆]]取消相关展览所作的伦理说明<ref name=SIbriefEthics>{{cite web|title=Tang cargo exhibit: Briefing paper|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/SW-CulturalHeritage/downloads/Ethics_Tang_Briefing.pdf|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=7 August 2011|page=1|type=Memo|quote=The license was issued to a limited liability salvage company organized under the laws of the Republic of Indonesia, for a period of five years. The licensee executed a contract of cooperation with Seabed Explorations GbR|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014942/http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/SW-CulturalHeritage/downloads/Ethics_Tang_Briefing.pdf|archivedate=2011年6月4日|df=}}</ref>|group="注"}}。发掘随后在一纸合作协议下由[[德国]]人[[蒂尔曼·沃特方]](Tilman Walterfang)及其在“海底探索”公司(Seabed Explorations)中的队伍进行<ref name="FSSB"/><ref name=SIbriefEthics/>,周边的安保工作则由印尼海军提供<ref name="FSSB"/>。发掘共实施了两次,第一次于1998年8月开始,第二次于1999年开始<ref name=MarineEX1/>。“海底探索”公司为打捞提供了船只以及在西北季风到来前和季风期间印尼海军提供安保服务的费用<ref name="FSSB"/>。
===航线===
根据黑石号上所载的货物推测,黑石号可能从中国[[扬州市|扬州]]出发,并曾在中国[[广州市|广州]]补给<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yznews.com.cn/yzwb/html/2014-08/15/content_611549.htm|title=“黑石号”不少宝贝都是扬州造|accessdate=2018-02-06|author=|date=|work=|publisher=扬州晚报|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005644/http://www.yznews.com.cn/yzwb/html/2014-08/15/content_611549.htm|archive-date=2018-02-07|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。黑石号沉没的地点距离常见的中国至阿拉伯航线较远,导致偏离的原因尚不清楚。大多数从中国到阿拉伯的船只都会穿过[[南海]]。这些船只会在经过[[廖内群岛]]后转向西北方向,进入[[马来半岛]]和[[蘇門答臘|苏门答腊]]之间的[[马六甲海峡]](右图红线所示)。沉没地点勿里洞岛距离新加坡海峡有610千米,距离常见的航线有一定的距离,而船只如何进入这一区域尚没有确切的答案<ref name="SEAArch1"/>。经过勿里洞岛的航线更有可能是从[[爪哇海]]至马六甲海峡的船只使用的航线<ref name="BBC1" />。
===船只構造===
黑石号为第一艘发现和发掘的古代阿拉伯沉船<ref name="STTaTWFlecker">{{cite book|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/Shipwrecked/downloads/07Flecker.pdf|title=Shipwrecked; Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds.|author=Michael Flecker|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|accessdate=18 August 2011|year=2010|isbn=978-1-58834-305-5|location=Washington, D.C.|page=101|chapter=A Ninth-Century Arab or Indian Shipwreck in Indonesia: The First Archaeological Evidence of Direct Trade with China|type=PDF|quote=This is the first ancient Arab shipwreck to be found and excavated|editor1=Regina Krahl|editor2=John Guy|editor3=J. Keith Wilson|editor4=Julian Raby|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927152249/http://www.asia.si.edu/Shipwrecked/downloads/07Flecker.pdf|archivedate=2012年9月27日|df=}}</ref>{{rp|101}}。沉船约18米长,6.4米宽<ref name=WAMF>{{cite journal|last=Flecker|first=Michael|title=A ninth-century AD Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesia: First evidence for direct trade with China|journal=World Archaeology|date=1 January 2001|volume=32|series=Shipwrecks|issue=3|pages=335–354|doi=10.1080/00438240120048662|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd.}}</ref>,木板使用[[椰子纖維|椰壳纤维]]制成的细绳连接而成,而不是后世阿拉伯传统的使用钉子固定的技术<ref name=STTaTWFlecker/>{{rp|101}}。
沉船的木材遗骸被发现于一片海洋沉积物下,因沉积物的存在,得以避开海底蠕虫的侵蚀而得到保存<ref name=ADN>{{cite web|title=Secrets of the Tang Treasure Ship|url=http://www.archaeologydaily.com/news/200908091865/Secrets-of-the-Tang-Treasure-Ship.html|publisher=Archaeology Daily News|accessdate=24 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155328/http://www.archaeologydaily.com/news/200908091865/Secrets-of-the-Tang-Treasure-Ship.html|archivedate=2011年7月7日}}</ref>。同时期沉船的遗骸非常稀少,黑石号因为有这样优良的保存条件,大量的船壳遗骸存留至今<ref name=ARI16b>{{cite journal|title=The Pre-Modern East Asian Maritime Realm: An Overview of European-Language Studies|journal=Working Paper Series|date=December 2003|volume=No. 16|author=Geoff Wade|publisher=Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore|page=20}}</ref>。由于黑石号之前,人们并没有发现类似的阿拉伯船只,更不用说满载货物的船只,黑石号的发现为研究者提供了公元9世纪时如何建造船舶的信息<ref name=MarineEX1/>。
足够的木材残留使得研究者能够分析和确定木材的树种。据估计,船只建造于西亚,被阿拉伯商人购买后用于在阿曼至中国的航线上行驶。船上不少文物的形制都受到了阿拉伯文化的影响<ref name=IJNAFlecker1>{{cite journal|last=Flecker|first=Michael|title=A 9th-century Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesian waters|journal=The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology|date=1 August 2000|volume=29|issue=2|pages=199–217|doi=10.1006/ijna.2000.0316|publisher=IJNA}}</ref>。
黑石号建造在一条长约15.3米,厚约14~15厘米的[[龙骨]]周围,据信龙骨至今保存完好<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。前部船首[[斜角]]为61°,艏标使用[[榫卯]]结构连接到龙骨上,并使用16毫米直径的绳索加固<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。船壳的木板上穿有间隔为5~6厘米的孔洞,然后缝合到船体肋骨和龙骨上<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。船体下半肋骨上设有内龙骨以增强强度<ref name=WAMF />。
参与发掘的首席考古学家[[迈克尔·弗莱克]](Michael Flecker)比较了黑石号和同时期三种类型的沉船,认为黑石号代表的是最早于公元5世纪在东南亚使用的缝合帆船<ref name=WAMF />。迈克尔指出,完全由缝合法建造的船只曾在非洲海岸、阿曼、红海、印度沿岸以及[[马尔代夫]]等地都有发现<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。他同时指出,公元6世纪罗马史学家普罗科匹厄斯曾在书中提到,印度的海中有使用类似的用木板缝合而成的船只<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。尽管在黑石号之前发现的沉船中,从未发现类似的阿拉伯船只,但在晚唐人[[劉恂 (唐朝)|刘恂]]所撰地理杂记《[[嶺表錄異|岭表录异]]》中曾经提到,“賈人船不用鐵釘,只使桄榔須系縛,以橄欖糖泥之。糖幹甚堅,入水如漆也”,可能指的正是这种船只<ref name=STTaMWExCatGuyp24>{{cite book|title=Shipwrecked; Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds.|year=2010|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1-58834-305-5|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/shipwrecked/downloads/02Guy.pdf|author=John Guy|edition=Cloth|editor=John Guy|accessdate=18 August 2011|page=24|chapter=Rare and Strange Goods: International Trade in Ninth-Century Asia|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927152349/http://www.asia.si.edu/Shipwrecked/downloads/02Guy.pdf|archivedate=2012年9月27日|df=}}</ref>。
===木材===
沉船中木材的样品被送至澳大利亚[[联邦科学与工业研究组织]](CSIRO)中的森林和林业产品部门,由木材辨认专家[[朱戈·艾利奇]](Jugo Ilic)进行分析<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/><ref name=CSIROIlicdiv>{{cite web|title=Wood identification – Indiana Jones' envy|publisher=CSIRO|accessdate=18 August 2011|type = Press release|date=12 January 2000|url=http://www.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2000/WoodIdentification.htm|archive-url=https://archive.is/20100606022935/http://www.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2000/WoodIdentification.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=6 June 2010}}</ref>。许多样本由于糟朽严重,细胞中的纤维素已经缺失,以至于不能对木材的种属给出确切的结论<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。但与此同时,也有不少木材样本的种属被确定。[[柚木]]被用于制造龙骨,这种木材能够抵抗[[船蛆]]的侵蚀。天花板使用的是[[柏木属]]木材,可能是[[西藏柏木]]。艏标使用[[蔷薇木]]制成,木材属于[[豆目]]植物,可能是[[黄檀属]]或者[[紫檀属]]。沉船船尾发现的木箱则是使用[[桑科]][[桂木属]]植物制作<ref name="IJNAFlecker1" />。
船壳所使用的木材种属并未得到明确,但据估计应是[[楝科]][[崖摩属]]植物。大部分肋骨使用的木材同样未能确定种属,除了一根被确定为崖摩属或豆目[[缅茄属]]植物<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。缅茄属的三种主要物种{{link-en|非洲缅茄|Afzelia africana}}、{{link-en|拜宾德缅茄|Afzelia bipindensis}}和{{link-en|厚裂缅茄|Afzelia pachyloba}}主要分布在非洲的一小部分地区,从西海岸中部至东海岸呈长条形带状分布<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/><ref name=NatGeo3>{{cite web|title=Feature Article: Tang Shipwreck|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/tang-shipwreck/worrall-text/3|publisher=National Geographic|quote=...found in Oman and known as a baitl qarib ... it was built of African and Indian wood |accessdate=19 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523162518/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/tang-shipwreck/worrall-text/3|archivedate=23 May 2009}}</ref>。
尽管肋骨使用了只分布于非洲一小片区域的树种,在分析了船壳的形制、树种和建造方式后,艾利奇得出结论认为,船只的建造地点可能在阿拉伯或者印度。在这一时期,两地的造船技术几乎没有区别,因而无法进行进一步的区分<ref name=ARI16b/>。印度更有可能是船只实际建造的地点,但阿拉伯地区的可能性并没有被完全排除,因为这些树木常常被阿拉伯地区进口用于建造船只<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>。弗莱克则在2010年为赛克勒艺术馆制作的展陈目录中称,“从建造的方式、材料以及船壳的形状来看,作者可以确定勿里洞沉船就是一艘阿拉伯船只”<ref name=IJNAFlecker1/>{{rp|119}}。
===修建===
当下对黑石号这艘阿拉伯帆船建造材料和工艺的了解主要来源于沉船本身。对沉船的复原显示,黑石号的外形与[[阿曼]]至今仍在使用的一种称为baitl qarib的船只非常相似<ref name="NatGeo3" />。在沉船的船壳内,包含众多大块凝结物,其中的货物包含公元800年左右中国唐朝出产的物件,这也是黑石号沉船得名“唐代沉船”或者“唐代宝船”的原因<ref name="NatGeo3" /><ref name="NatGeo4">{{cite web|title=SECRETS OF TANG TREASURE SHIP: ABOUT|url=http://natgeotv.com/asia/secrets-of-the-tang-treasure-ship/about|publisher=National Geographic Channel|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227212050/http://natgeotv.com/asia/secrets-of-the-tang-treasure-ship/about|archive-date=2017-12-27|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
船只残留的木材和文物于2011年首度向公众展示,首次展示地点位于新加坡[[濱海灣金沙]]旁的[[藝術科學博物館]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds Opens in Singapore|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/2011-02-28-shipwrecked-tang-treasures-and-monsoon-winds-opens-singapore|work=The Maritime Executive|accessdate=2019-04-21|language=en|author=|date=2011-02-28|publisher=}}</ref>。因为黑石号发现的重要性,阿曼和新加坡政府合作建造了等比例复建的“{{Link-en|马斯喀特之宝|Jewel of Muscat}}”船,陈列于位于圣淘沙的海事博物馆及水族馆<ref name="JewelConstHomage">{{cite web|title=Information Part 2|url=http://education.jewelofmuscat.tv/node/123|work=Advanced History|publisher=Sultanate of Oman|accessdate=8 July 2011|author=The Jewel of Muscat Project|year=2009|quote=In 1998, a shipwreck was discovered off the Indonesian island of Belitung ... Sultan Qaboos bin Said is presenting the people of Singapore with the Jewel of Muscat, a reconstruction of the 9th-century Arab trading ship discovered near the island of Belitung.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708201926/http://education.jewelofmuscat.tv/node/123|archivedate=2011年7月8日}}</ref>。
===遺物===
黑石号搭载的货物类型包含碗碟、铜镜、香料罐、水罐、[[陪葬品|明器]]和镀金银盒等,总数超过6万件<ref name="MarineEX2b">{{cite web|url=http://www.maritime-explorations.com/belitung.htm|title=THE BELITUNG (TANG) SHIPWRECK (9th C.)|accessdate=19 February 2011|publisher=Marine Explorations|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212155557/http://maritime-explorations.com/belitung.htm|archivedate=12 February 2009|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo4" />,被[[大都會藝術博物館|纽约大都会艺术馆]]南亚和东南亚艺术馆馆长[[约翰·盖伊]](John Guy)称为“最大和最丰富的9世纪早期中国南方金器及陶瓷货物窖藏”<ref name="NatGeo3" />。出水文物中还包括香料和树脂,以及用于压仓的金属锭<ref name="NatGeo4" />。
==参考资料==
{{reflist|2}}