變更

'''-{zh-hans:清真寺;zh-hant:清真寺;zh-sg:回教堂;}-'''（[[阿拉伯语]]、[[波斯语]]：单数مسجد masjid，复数{{lang|ar||مساجد masājid），又称'''-{zh-sg:清真寺;zh-hans:回教堂;zh-hant:回教堂;}-'''、'''礼拜寺'''，是供[[穆斯林]]群众使用的[[宗教场所]]。 对于什么宗教场所可视作回教堂，[[逊尼派]]的[[伊斯兰教法学|回教法学]]{{里}}有严格以及具体的要求，不符合规定的场所则称作musallah。<ref name="qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid">{{cite web|urlit=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4347&CATE=4 |title=Fiqh of Masjid & Musalla |publisher=Qa.sunnipath.com |date=2005-07-03 |accessdate=2011-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019002051/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4347&CATE=4 |archivedate=2011-10-19 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>正式被划定为回教堂的场地（通常是更大综合建筑物的一小部分）有严格的使用限制，而[[伊斯兰教法|回教法]]规定，一旦某个场地被正式划定为回教堂，该场所将直到[[伊斯兰教末世论|末日]]都作为回教堂用途，<ref name="qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid"/>被非穆斯林摧毁或占用的情形是绝对不容许的。

[[File:RezaShrine2.jpg|thumb|right| 位于伊朗马什哈德的伊玛目礼萨圣陵，什叶派主流派别十二伊玛目派尊奉的第八任伊玛目阿里·里达（伊朗称阿里·礼萨）即安葬于此]]。阿拉伯文的{{large| مسجد}} masjid一词，其词根为{{large| سج د}} sajada，意为“拜倒”，因为穆斯林礼拜时需要拜倒叩拜。<ref>"masjid, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/114605].</ref>

[[File:Quba.jpg|thumb|left|200px|位于麦地那的库巴回教堂是世界上最古老的回教堂之一]]全世界的第一座回教堂通常被认为是位于[[麦加]]、以[[克尔白]]为中心的[[禁寺]]。<ref>{{harvnb|Kuban|1974|p=1}}</ref>早在公元638年起，禁寺就扩大了若干次，为的是容纳日益增多、住在禁寺周边地区或每年前往麦加[[朝觐 (伊斯兰教)|朝圣]]的回教徒。<ref>{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=241}}</ref>也有意见认为史上第一座回教堂则应该是坐落在今[[麦地那]]的[[库巴清真寺|库巴回教堂]]，因为这是[[穆罕默德|穆罕默德先知]]在622年[[希吉拉|从麦加迁移]]时建造的第一座建筑。<ref>{{harvnb|Tajuddin|1998|p=135}}</ref>

[[File:Great Mosque of Kairouan Stitched Panorama - Grande Mosquée de Kairouan Panorama.jpg|thumb|right| 坐落于突尼斯的凯鲁万大回教堂是穆斯林西区最古老的回教堂]]。

穆罕默德先知接着在麦地那亲自再建设一座回教堂，现称作[[先知寺|先知回教堂]]，并帮助开拓回教堂作为伊斯兰城市的重点的概念。<ref name="chiu678">{{harvnb|Chiu|2010|pp=67–8}}</ref>先知回教堂的一些特点，在当今回教堂也仍常见，其中包括设于礼拜殿后墙正中处的小拱门的[[米哈拉布]]以及讲台[[敏拜尔]]，<ref>{{harvnb|Cosman|Jones|2008|p=610}}</ref>该回教堂也建有一个大庭院，回教堂自此都常见这样的设计。<ref name="chiu678" />

{{see also|伊斯兰教与政治}}[[File:Aerial view of East London Mosque complex - Feb 2014.jpg|thumb|[[东伦敦清真寺|东伦敦回教堂]]是英国第一座获淮使用扩音器来播放[[宣礼]]的清真寺。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eade|first1=John|editor1-last=Metcalf|editor1-first=Barbara Daly|title=Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0520204042|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress|accessdate=2015-04-19|chapter=Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London|quote=As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about “noise pollution” when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.}}</ref>]]

大型回教堂有时也会扮演政治角色，如[[孟加拉]]、[[巴基斯坦]]、[[伊朗]]和[[伊拉克]]（2003年后）等伊斯兰国家的[[伊玛目]]会定期在星期五的祷告上宣扬政治主张，<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,411903,00.html |title=What Muslims Hear at Friday Prayers |accessdate=2010-10-31 |publisher=Der Spiegel |date=2006-04-19}}</ref>其他伊斯兰国家的伊玛目则一般禁止谈及政治课题。

回教徒为少数群体的国家和地区比回教徒占主体的[[大中东]]国家和地区更有可能会通过回教堂作为倡导民间参与的一种方式。<ref name="tc">{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html |publisher=Teachers' College – Columbia University |title=The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American |last=Jamal |first=Amany |accessdate=2006-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143701/http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html |archivedate=2007-09-28 }}</ref>美国的回教堂会主办[[选民登记]]和民间参与运动，以促进通常是第一代或第二代的穆斯林移民参与政治。正因如此，再加上回教堂也会尝试及时告知穆斯林居民有关穆斯林社群所面临的问题，回教堂的人员更有可能参加[[示威]]、在[[请愿]]书上签名或涉及其他政治活动。<ref name="tc" />

*{{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=Akbar S. | year=2002 | title=Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society | publisher=Psychology Press | location=Abingdon, Eng. | isbn=9780415285254 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Asher | first=Catherine B. | year=1992 | title=Architecture of Mughal India | series=The New Cambridge History of India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, Eng. | isbn=9780521267281 | ref=harv }}*{{cite encyclopedia | editor-last=Bearman | editor-first=P.J. | editor2-last=Bianquis | editor2-first=Th. | editor3-last=Bosworth | editor3-first=C.E. | editor4-last=van Donzel | editor4-first=E. | editor5-last=Heinrichs | editor5-first = W.P. | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | editor-last=Bellows | editor-first=Keith | year=2008 | title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations | publisher=National Geographic Books | location=Washington, D.C. | isbn=9781426203367 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | editor-last=Bloom | editor-first=Jonathan M. | editor2-last=Blair | editor2-first=Sheila | year=2009 | title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford, Eng. | isbn=9780195309911 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Budge | first=E. A. Wallis | year=2001 | title=Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th-Century Travel Guide | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | location=Toronto | isbn=9780486149530 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Chiu | first=Y. C. | title=An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Part 1900| publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. | location=Delft, the Netherlands | isbn=9789059724372 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Cosman | first=Madeleine Pelner | last2=Jones | first2=Linda Gale | title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World |publisher=Infobase Publishing | year=2008 | location=New York | isbn=9781438109077 | ref=harv }}*{{cite journal | last=Cowen | first=Jill S. |date=July–August 1985 | title=Muslims in China | magazine=Saudi Aramco World | url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm | volume=36 | number=4 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | editor-last=Dumper | editor-first=Michael | editor2-last=Stanley | editor2-first=Bruce E. | title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia | publisher=ABC-CLIO | location=Santa Barbara, Calif. | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Elleh | first=Nnamdi | year=2002 | title=Architecture and Power in Africa | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Ct. | isbn= 9780275976798 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Essa | first=Ahmed | last2=Ali | first2=Othman | year=2010 | title=Title Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance | publisher=The International Institute of Islamic Thought | location=Herndon, Va. | isbn=9781565643505}}*{{cite book | last=Flood | first=Finbarr Barry | year=2001 | title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture

*{{cite book | last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | last2=Davidson | first2=Lawrence | year=2005 | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | edition=8th | isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan | year=1974 | title=The Mosque and Its Early Development | series=Iconography of Religions: Islam | publisher=E.J. Brill | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004038134 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan | year=1985 | title=Muslim Religious Architecture: Development of Religious Architecture in Later Periods | series=Iconography of Religions: Islam | publisher=E.J. Brill | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn= 9789004070844 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Netton | first=Ian Richard | year=1996 | title=Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam | edition=annotated | publisher=Psychology Press | location=Abingdon, Eng. | isbn=9780700703401 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | editor-last=Nielsen | editor-first=Jørgen Schøler | editor2-last=Akgönül | editor2-first=Samim | editor3-last=Alibašić | editor3-first=Ahmet | editor4-last=Goddard | editor4-first=Hugh | editor5-last=Maréchal | editor5-first=Brigitte | year=2011 | title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe | volume=3 | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004205161 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Nimer | first=Mohamed | year=2002 | title=The North American Muslim Resource Guide: Muslim Community Life in the United States and Canada | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location=New York | isbn=9780415937283 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Ruggles | first=D. Fairchild | year=2002 | title=Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain | publisher=Penn State Press | location=University Park, Penn. | isbn=9780271042725 | ref=harv }}*{{cite book | last=Tajuddin | first=Mohamed | title=The Mosque as a Community Development Centre: Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines for Contemporary Muslim Societies | publisher=Penerbit UTM | location=Kuala Lumpur | year=1998 | isbn=9789835201318 | ref=harv }}

*{{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink= | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=1st | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-684-82507-6}}

*{{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink= | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750 | publisher=Routledge | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-415-24072-7}}*{{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink= |author2=Al-Hilali Khan|author3= Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=1999 | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=1st | isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}}*{{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink= | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=1999 | isbn=978-965-224-040-8}}*{{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan | authorlink= | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=1974 | isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}}*{{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=伯纳德·刘易斯 | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-8126-9217-4}}*{{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}}*{{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-510283-3}}*{{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}}*{{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}}*{{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}}*{{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink= | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1979 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-226-70281-0}}*{{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink= | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}}*{{cite book|last=Kahera|first=Akel|title=Deconstructing the American Mosque: Space, Gender and Aesthetics|year=2008|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin TX|isbn=0-292-74344-0}}

* [http://www.tijarapages.com/ 英国清真寺和穆斯林词典]{{dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* [http://www.ktbwcs.edu.hk/ktbwcs/links.php九龙塘天主教华德学校王伯基校长boss]{{dead link|date=2018年3月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

 {{-}}{{ *[[ 伊斯兰教主题}}]]{{ *[[ 台湾清真寺|nocat}}]]{{ *[[ 香港清真寺|nocat}}]]{{ *[[ 马来西亚清真寺|nocat}} {{Authority control}}]]*[[Category: 伊斯兰教建筑]]*[[Category: 清真寺| ]]