4,863
次編輯
變更
创建页面,内容为“{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: -10px 0px 10px 20px; text-align:left" ! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "…”
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: -10px 0px 10px 20px; text-align:left"
! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> '''伊丽莎白二世女王大桥''' </p>
|-
|<center><img src="https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA%E6%97%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%EF%BC%8C%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1%E6%99%AE%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E9%99%84%E8%BF%91-171367278.jpg" width="280"></center><small>[https://cn.dreamstime.com/%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA%E6%97%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%EF%BC%8C%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1%E6%99%AE%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E9%99%84%E8%BF%91-image171367278 圖片來自dreamstime]
</small>
|}
'''伊丽莎白二世女王大桥'''({{lang-en|'''Queen Elizabeth II Bridge'''}}),位于[[英国]][[大伦敦]]东部,是一座跨越[[泰晤士河]]的公路[[斜拉桥]],连接南岸[[肯特郡]]的[[达特福德]]和北岸[[埃塞克斯郡]]的[[瑟罗克]]。大桥与另外两条河底[[隧道]]共同组成[[达特福德跨河道路]],成为全英国最繁忙的跨河公路通道,日均车流量超过13万辆 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Pickford|first1=Andrew T. W.|last2=Blythe|first2=Philip T.|title=Road User Charging and Electronic Toll Collection|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R-JRAAAAMAAJ|date=2006-10-01|pages=p.256|publisher=Artech House|isbn=978-1-58053-858-9|language=en}}</ref>;该通道是[[英国M25高速公路]]的组成部分,被认为是英国最重要的公路通道之一,并饱受[[交通拥堵]]之苦。
==簡介==
大桥于1991年10月30日由[[伊丽莎白二世女王]]主持开通 <ref>{{cite book|title=The Motorway Achievement, Volume 1|editor1-first=Ron|editor1-last=Bridle|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Baldwin|editor3-first=John|editor3-last=Porter|editor4-first=Robert|editor4-last=Baldwin|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7277-3196-8|language=en}}</ref>,总建设费用达到1.2亿英镑,其中包括3,000万英镑用于建设连接道路 <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13217924.900-bridge-design-stretched-to-the-limits-cablestayed-bridgesare-a-type-of-suspended-crossing-spare-but-functional-they-exploit-a-formof-bridge-engineering-that-is-bringing-down-the-cost-of-progressively-longercrossings-.html|title=Bridge design stretched to the limits: Cable-stayed bridges are a type of suspended crossing. Spare but functional, they exploit a form of bridge engineering that is bringing down the cost of progressively longer crossings|work=New Scientist|number=1792|first=Bill|last=O'Neill|date=1991-10-26|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。
大桥原拟定简化命名为“达特福德大桥”,但遭到瑟罗克居民的反对,并提议叫“蒂尔伯里大桥”({{lang-en|Tilbury Bridge}}),最终采用了一个折中方案 <ref name="pattison"/>。该桥开通时,曾是[[欧洲]]主跨最长的斜拉桥 <ref name="et"/>,也是自1894年[[伦敦塔桥]]开通以来,第一座跨越[[伦敦市中心]]泰晤士河下游的桥梁 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://motorwayarchive.ihtservices.co.uk/en/publication/visualisation--policy/part-8-direction-of-policy-towards-the-future/|title=The Dartford Crossing - Forerunner of the Private Finance Initiative|first=Alan|last=Bailey|publisher=Chartered Institute of Highways Engineers|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171210/http://motorwayarchive.ihtservices.co.uk/en/publication/visualisation--policy/part-8-direction-of-policy-towards-the-future/|archivedate=2014-07-14}}</ref>。
==設計==
大桥为双塔双索-{面}-斜拉桥,全长约2,812米,主桥长812米,主跨450米,最大高度137米 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000486 |title=Structures Queen Elizabeth II Bridge |year=2010 |work=Structurae |publisher=Nicolas Janberg ICS |accessdate=2014-08-14|language=en}}</ref>。[[1號高速鐵路]]的[[聖潘克拉斯火車站|聖潘克拉斯]]至[[埃布斯福利特火车站|埃布斯福利特]]区间在泰晤士河北岸下穿该桥的引桥 。
西隧道于1963年通车,东隧道于1980年通车,大桥于1991年通车,共同构成了如今双向八车道的过河交通。
通常,南行车辆使用这座单向四车道大桥,而北行车辆使用大桥西侧的双洞四车道隧道;但是,当受强风等恶劣天气影响或因维护而临时关闭大桥时,东隧道则会改为南向通行。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kent/news/closures-and-diversions-at-dartford-crossin-a104592/|title=Closures and diversions at Dartford Crossing|work=Kent Messenger|date=2008-09-30|accessdate=2014-08-14|language=en}}</ref>
==历史==
早在1980年代初期,就已预计到隧道的交通[[流量]]在1986年M25高速公路建成后将会大幅上升。届时,期望伦敦其他的道路也已有所改善,从而分流该隧道15%的交通 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1984/jun/19/dartford-tunnel#S6CV0062P0_19840619_CWA_43|title=Dartford Tunnel|first=Lynda|last=Chalker|work=Hansard|date=1984-06-19|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。1985年,时任{{le|英国交通大臣|Secretary of State for Transport}}的{{le|琳达·乔克|Lynda Chalker}}宣布,每条道路的[[收费站]]数量增加到12个,但甚为担忧两条隧道将无法满足M25高速公路建成后的所有交通需求 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1985/oct/21/dartford-tunnel#S6CV0084P0_19851021_HOC_460|title=Dartford Tunnel|first=Cyril|last=Townsend|first2=Nicholas|last2=Bonsor|first3=Lynda|last3=Chalker|work=Hansard|date=1985-10-21|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。
1985年9月至1986年12月,升级达特福德通道的规划经历了数次变更 <ref>{{cite book|author=H.M. Stationery Office|title=M25 Review: The Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H7siAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|pages=p.30|isbn=978-0-11-550915-5|language=en}}</ref>;1986年,{{le|特拉法加建筑|Trafalgar House (company)}}财团中标在达特福德通道上新建一座大桥的项目,造价达到8,600万[[英镑]] <ref>{{cite book|last1=Banister|first1=David|last2=Berechman|first2=Joseph|title=Transport Investment and Economic Development|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-JqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|date=2003-08-29|pages=p.65|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-80270-X|language=en}}</ref>。当时,英国还有其他数个私人[[融资]]项目正在规划或建设中,其中包括[[塞文二桥]]。从1981年直至1980年代后期{{le|私人融资计划|Private finance initiative}}(PFI)建立以前,私人投资项目均受到“莱利法则”({{lang-en|Ryrie Rules}})的限制,规定“任何私人融资解决方案必须被证明比公共融资替代方案更具成本效益,并且国有产业的私人融资支出不能提供额外的公共支出拨款,而将从私人融资借贷金额中扣除。”<ref>{{cite book|author=House of Lords: Select Committee on Economic Affairs|title=Private finance projects and off-balance sheet debt: 1st report of session 2009–10, Vol. 1: Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IApxcY7wcUwC&pg=PA9|date=2010-03-17|pages=p.9|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-10-845964-1|language=en}}</ref>
1988年7月31日,达特福德-瑟罗克通道1988法案下授予了一项私人融资计划,将该通道的控制权利由肯特和埃塞克斯郡[[议会]]转让给达特福德跨河通道有限公司,一家由罗德尼·琼斯管理的[[私人公司]] <ref>{{cite book|author=The Institution|title=Highways and Transportation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S_ZVAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|pages=p.10|publisher=The Institution|language=en}}</ref>。该公司将承担大桥的全部债务,而后在建设期间,“100%通过债务融资,且无股权出资”<ref>{{cite book|author=ITF|title=ITF Round Tables Better Regulation of Public-Private Partnerships for Transport Infrastructure|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1SwDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|date=2013-09-26|pages=p.42|publisher=International Transport Forum, OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-821-0395-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Miller|first1=Roger|last2=Lessard|first2=Donald R.|title=The Strategic Management of Large Engineering Projects: Shaping Institutions, Risks, and Governance|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M9aD1nqGgaoC&pg=PA177|pages=p.177|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-26351-1|language=en}}</ref>。私人公司承受着无法收回成本的风险,不过最终达特福德方案表明“莱利法则”不再是公共[[基础设施]]项目私人融资的障碍 <ref name="hodge">{{cite book|last1=Hodge|first1=Graeme A.|last2=Greve|first2=Carsten|last3=Boardman|first3=Anthony E.|title=International Handbook on Public-Private Partnership|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y_ySD3JABt0C&pg=PA529|date=2010-01-01|pages=p.529|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84980-469-1|language=en}}</ref>。大桥的[[特许权]]原计划为自转让日起20年,并规定可以在债务偿还完毕时结束;最终,这一目标在2002年3月31日实现 <ref name="ha_charging">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/276504/9780108560040.pdf|title=Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing Charging Scheme : Account 2012–2013|publisher=Highways Agency|date=2014-01|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。根据“公共与私人合营公司国际手册”({{lang-en|International Handbook on Public-Private Partnership}})显示,该项目的主要资金来自于“20年期[[次级贷款]][[股票]],16年期[[贷款]]股票以及8,500万英镑的[[银行]]定期贷款” <ref name="hodge"/>。
大桥于1988年PFI创建后立即开始建设 <ref name="ha_about">{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/our-road-network/managing-our-roads/improving-our-network/the-dartford-thurrock-river-crossing/about-the-crossing/|title=About the Crossing|publisher=Highways Agency|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153646/http://www.highways.gov.uk/our-road-network/managing-our-roads/improving-our-network/the-dartford-thurrock-river-crossing/about-the-crossing/|archive-date=2014-07-14|dead-url=yes}}</ref>,由[[德国]][[工程师]]赫尔穆特·洪贝格({{lang-de|Helmut Homberg}})设计,两个支撑桥墩的主{{le|沉箱|Caisson (engineering)}}在[[荷兰]]制造,每个沉箱设计可承受一艘6.5万吨的船只以{{convert|18.5|kph|mph}}[[速度]]的撞击 <ref name="et">{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=105 |title=Queen Elizabeth II Bridge |publisher=Engineering Timelines |accessdate=2014-08-15 |language=en |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195958/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=105 |archivedate=2014-07-14 }}</ref>。桥塔上部高约{{convert|61|m|ft}},而组装桥梁结构动用了一支56人的团队来完成。在大桥连接道路施工期间,在其线路上曾发现了一枚[[二战]]时期遗留下来的[[炸弹]],因此不得不关闭了整个通道 <ref name="pattison">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-15467112|title=The man who helped build the Dartford bridge|first=Jo|last=Pattison|work=BBC News|date=2011-10-28|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。
== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist}}
! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> '''伊丽莎白二世女王大桥''' </p>
|-
|<center><img src="https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA%E6%97%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%EF%BC%8C%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1%E6%99%AE%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E9%99%84%E8%BF%91-171367278.jpg" width="280"></center><small>[https://cn.dreamstime.com/%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA%E6%97%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%EF%BC%8C%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1%E6%99%AE%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E9%99%84%E8%BF%91-image171367278 圖片來自dreamstime]
</small>
|}
'''伊丽莎白二世女王大桥'''({{lang-en|'''Queen Elizabeth II Bridge'''}}),位于[[英国]][[大伦敦]]东部,是一座跨越[[泰晤士河]]的公路[[斜拉桥]],连接南岸[[肯特郡]]的[[达特福德]]和北岸[[埃塞克斯郡]]的[[瑟罗克]]。大桥与另外两条河底[[隧道]]共同组成[[达特福德跨河道路]],成为全英国最繁忙的跨河公路通道,日均车流量超过13万辆 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Pickford|first1=Andrew T. W.|last2=Blythe|first2=Philip T.|title=Road User Charging and Electronic Toll Collection|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R-JRAAAAMAAJ|date=2006-10-01|pages=p.256|publisher=Artech House|isbn=978-1-58053-858-9|language=en}}</ref>;该通道是[[英国M25高速公路]]的组成部分,被认为是英国最重要的公路通道之一,并饱受[[交通拥堵]]之苦。
==簡介==
大桥于1991年10月30日由[[伊丽莎白二世女王]]主持开通 <ref>{{cite book|title=The Motorway Achievement, Volume 1|editor1-first=Ron|editor1-last=Bridle|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Baldwin|editor3-first=John|editor3-last=Porter|editor4-first=Robert|editor4-last=Baldwin|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7277-3196-8|language=en}}</ref>,总建设费用达到1.2亿英镑,其中包括3,000万英镑用于建设连接道路 <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13217924.900-bridge-design-stretched-to-the-limits-cablestayed-bridgesare-a-type-of-suspended-crossing-spare-but-functional-they-exploit-a-formof-bridge-engineering-that-is-bringing-down-the-cost-of-progressively-longercrossings-.html|title=Bridge design stretched to the limits: Cable-stayed bridges are a type of suspended crossing. Spare but functional, they exploit a form of bridge engineering that is bringing down the cost of progressively longer crossings|work=New Scientist|number=1792|first=Bill|last=O'Neill|date=1991-10-26|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。
大桥原拟定简化命名为“达特福德大桥”,但遭到瑟罗克居民的反对,并提议叫“蒂尔伯里大桥”({{lang-en|Tilbury Bridge}}),最终采用了一个折中方案 <ref name="pattison"/>。该桥开通时,曾是[[欧洲]]主跨最长的斜拉桥 <ref name="et"/>,也是自1894年[[伦敦塔桥]]开通以来,第一座跨越[[伦敦市中心]]泰晤士河下游的桥梁 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://motorwayarchive.ihtservices.co.uk/en/publication/visualisation--policy/part-8-direction-of-policy-towards-the-future/|title=The Dartford Crossing - Forerunner of the Private Finance Initiative|first=Alan|last=Bailey|publisher=Chartered Institute of Highways Engineers|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171210/http://motorwayarchive.ihtservices.co.uk/en/publication/visualisation--policy/part-8-direction-of-policy-towards-the-future/|archivedate=2014-07-14}}</ref>。
==設計==
大桥为双塔双索-{面}-斜拉桥,全长约2,812米,主桥长812米,主跨450米,最大高度137米 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000486 |title=Structures Queen Elizabeth II Bridge |year=2010 |work=Structurae |publisher=Nicolas Janberg ICS |accessdate=2014-08-14|language=en}}</ref>。[[1號高速鐵路]]的[[聖潘克拉斯火車站|聖潘克拉斯]]至[[埃布斯福利特火车站|埃布斯福利特]]区间在泰晤士河北岸下穿该桥的引桥 。
西隧道于1963年通车,东隧道于1980年通车,大桥于1991年通车,共同构成了如今双向八车道的过河交通。
通常,南行车辆使用这座单向四车道大桥,而北行车辆使用大桥西侧的双洞四车道隧道;但是,当受强风等恶劣天气影响或因维护而临时关闭大桥时,东隧道则会改为南向通行。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kent/news/closures-and-diversions-at-dartford-crossin-a104592/|title=Closures and diversions at Dartford Crossing|work=Kent Messenger|date=2008-09-30|accessdate=2014-08-14|language=en}}</ref>
==历史==
早在1980年代初期,就已预计到隧道的交通[[流量]]在1986年M25高速公路建成后将会大幅上升。届时,期望伦敦其他的道路也已有所改善,从而分流该隧道15%的交通 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1984/jun/19/dartford-tunnel#S6CV0062P0_19840619_CWA_43|title=Dartford Tunnel|first=Lynda|last=Chalker|work=Hansard|date=1984-06-19|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。1985年,时任{{le|英国交通大臣|Secretary of State for Transport}}的{{le|琳达·乔克|Lynda Chalker}}宣布,每条道路的[[收费站]]数量增加到12个,但甚为担忧两条隧道将无法满足M25高速公路建成后的所有交通需求 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1985/oct/21/dartford-tunnel#S6CV0084P0_19851021_HOC_460|title=Dartford Tunnel|first=Cyril|last=Townsend|first2=Nicholas|last2=Bonsor|first3=Lynda|last3=Chalker|work=Hansard|date=1985-10-21|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。
1985年9月至1986年12月,升级达特福德通道的规划经历了数次变更 <ref>{{cite book|author=H.M. Stationery Office|title=M25 Review: The Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H7siAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|pages=p.30|isbn=978-0-11-550915-5|language=en}}</ref>;1986年,{{le|特拉法加建筑|Trafalgar House (company)}}财团中标在达特福德通道上新建一座大桥的项目,造价达到8,600万[[英镑]] <ref>{{cite book|last1=Banister|first1=David|last2=Berechman|first2=Joseph|title=Transport Investment and Economic Development|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-JqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|date=2003-08-29|pages=p.65|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-80270-X|language=en}}</ref>。当时,英国还有其他数个私人[[融资]]项目正在规划或建设中,其中包括[[塞文二桥]]。从1981年直至1980年代后期{{le|私人融资计划|Private finance initiative}}(PFI)建立以前,私人投资项目均受到“莱利法则”({{lang-en|Ryrie Rules}})的限制,规定“任何私人融资解决方案必须被证明比公共融资替代方案更具成本效益,并且国有产业的私人融资支出不能提供额外的公共支出拨款,而将从私人融资借贷金额中扣除。”<ref>{{cite book|author=House of Lords: Select Committee on Economic Affairs|title=Private finance projects and off-balance sheet debt: 1st report of session 2009–10, Vol. 1: Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IApxcY7wcUwC&pg=PA9|date=2010-03-17|pages=p.9|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-10-845964-1|language=en}}</ref>
1988年7月31日,达特福德-瑟罗克通道1988法案下授予了一项私人融资计划,将该通道的控制权利由肯特和埃塞克斯郡[[议会]]转让给达特福德跨河通道有限公司,一家由罗德尼·琼斯管理的[[私人公司]] <ref>{{cite book|author=The Institution|title=Highways and Transportation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S_ZVAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|pages=p.10|publisher=The Institution|language=en}}</ref>。该公司将承担大桥的全部债务,而后在建设期间,“100%通过债务融资,且无股权出资”<ref>{{cite book|author=ITF|title=ITF Round Tables Better Regulation of Public-Private Partnerships for Transport Infrastructure|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1SwDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|date=2013-09-26|pages=p.42|publisher=International Transport Forum, OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-821-0395-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Miller|first1=Roger|last2=Lessard|first2=Donald R.|title=The Strategic Management of Large Engineering Projects: Shaping Institutions, Risks, and Governance|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M9aD1nqGgaoC&pg=PA177|pages=p.177|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-26351-1|language=en}}</ref>。私人公司承受着无法收回成本的风险,不过最终达特福德方案表明“莱利法则”不再是公共[[基础设施]]项目私人融资的障碍 <ref name="hodge">{{cite book|last1=Hodge|first1=Graeme A.|last2=Greve|first2=Carsten|last3=Boardman|first3=Anthony E.|title=International Handbook on Public-Private Partnership|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y_ySD3JABt0C&pg=PA529|date=2010-01-01|pages=p.529|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84980-469-1|language=en}}</ref>。大桥的[[特许权]]原计划为自转让日起20年,并规定可以在债务偿还完毕时结束;最终,这一目标在2002年3月31日实现 <ref name="ha_charging">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/276504/9780108560040.pdf|title=Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing Charging Scheme : Account 2012–2013|publisher=Highways Agency|date=2014-01|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。根据“公共与私人合营公司国际手册”({{lang-en|International Handbook on Public-Private Partnership}})显示,该项目的主要资金来自于“20年期[[次级贷款]][[股票]],16年期[[贷款]]股票以及8,500万英镑的[[银行]]定期贷款” <ref name="hodge"/>。
大桥于1988年PFI创建后立即开始建设 <ref name="ha_about">{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/our-road-network/managing-our-roads/improving-our-network/the-dartford-thurrock-river-crossing/about-the-crossing/|title=About the Crossing|publisher=Highways Agency|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153646/http://www.highways.gov.uk/our-road-network/managing-our-roads/improving-our-network/the-dartford-thurrock-river-crossing/about-the-crossing/|archive-date=2014-07-14|dead-url=yes}}</ref>,由[[德国]][[工程师]]赫尔穆特·洪贝格({{lang-de|Helmut Homberg}})设计,两个支撑桥墩的主{{le|沉箱|Caisson (engineering)}}在[[荷兰]]制造,每个沉箱设计可承受一艘6.5万吨的船只以{{convert|18.5|kph|mph}}[[速度]]的撞击 <ref name="et">{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=105 |title=Queen Elizabeth II Bridge |publisher=Engineering Timelines |accessdate=2014-08-15 |language=en |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195958/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=105 |archivedate=2014-07-14 }}</ref>。桥塔上部高约{{convert|61|m|ft}},而组装桥梁结构动用了一支56人的团队来完成。在大桥连接道路施工期间,在其线路上曾发现了一枚[[二战]]时期遗留下来的[[炸弹]],因此不得不关闭了整个通道 <ref name="pattison">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-15467112|title=The man who helped build the Dartford bridge|first=Jo|last=Pattison|work=BBC News|date=2011-10-28|accessdate=2014-08-15|language=en}}</ref>。
== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist}}