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以东

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'''以东'''(英语:'''Edom'''{{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|.|d|ʌ|m}};<ref>[http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/pronunciation?lang=eng LDS.org: "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/pronunciation?lang=eng |date=20171121133620 }} (retrieved 2012-02-25), [[Wikipedia:IPA for English|IPA]]-ified from «ē´dum»</ref>;{{tsl|en|Edomite language|以东语}};𐤀𐤃𐤌 ''’Edām'';[[希伯来语]]:'''אֱדוֹם'''''ʼÉḏōm'';{{lang-akk|𒌑𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀}} ''Udumi'';[[叙利亚语]]:'''ܐܕܘܡ''')是一个位于[[外约旦]]的古代王国,位于南[[黎凡特]],其东北边是[[摩押]],西边是[[阿拉伯谷]],东边和南边是[[阿拉伯沙漠]]<ref name=NegevE>{{cite book |work=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |title=Edom; Edomites |author1=Avraham Negev |author2=Shimon Gibson |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |pages=149–150 |isbn=0-8264-1316-1 }}</ref>,今天主要属于[[以色列]]和[[约旦]]。[[希伯来圣经]]以及[[埃及]]和[[美索不达米亚]]的文字记录曾提及这个[[青铜时代]]晚期和[[铁器时代]]早期的王国。以东这个名字在希伯来文中为「红」;在希腊[[古典时代]]则用[[同源词]]'''以土买'''(Idumea)来指此地区一个较小的区域。

'''以东'''和'''以土买'''是两个相互联系但并不相同的词,对应两个历史连续但所处位置彼此分开(可能相邻)的土地,在历史的不同阶段分别生活着'''以东人'''和'''以土买人'''。以东人首先在今[[约旦]]南部地区建立了以东王国,后来在公元前6世纪当[[犹大王国]]被[[新巴比伦帝国]]摧毁时,以东人迁徙至犹大王国南部(即“以土买”,位于今以色列/[[内盖夫沙漠]])。

以东在《[[希伯来圣经]]》中曾被提及,[[塞提一世]]的一份埃及[[法老]]王表、[[拉美西斯三世]](公元前1186-前1155)的出征纪事里也提到了以东<ref name=NegevE/>。以东人的存在已被考古学证实,他们是一个[[闪米特人|闪米特]]民族,很可能是在公元前第14世纪来到这一地区<ref name=NegevE/>。考古研究表明这一王国繁荣于公元前13世纪到公元前8世纪间,在前6世纪经过了一段衰退之后被巴比伦摧毁<ref name=NegevE/>。丧失家园之后,以东人在东边游牧部落的驱逐下被迫向西迁徙抵达[[犹大王国]]南部;这群游牧民族中有[[纳巴泰人]],他们首次出现于史料是公元前4世纪,到了前2世纪已在曾经以东所在地建立了自己的王国ref name=NegevE/>。更近期的考古挖掘则显示,以东人在犹大南部以及[[内盖夫]]和[[提姆纳河谷]]部分地区定居的过程,在其王国于前587/586年毁于[[尼布甲尼撒二世]]之前已经开始,既通过和平的渗透,也使用军事手段利用当时日渐衰弱的犹大<ref name=Advance>{{cite journal |title=Edomites Advance into Judah |author=Prof. Itzhaq Beit-Arieh |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |date=December 1996 |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/public-affairs/news/eng/97spring/edom.html |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=2017-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528210000/http://www.tau.ac.il/public-affairs/news/eng/97spring/edom.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=Gunneweg>{{cite journal |title='Edomite', 'Negbite'and 'Midianite' pottery from the Negev desert and Jordan: instrumental neutron activation analysis results |author1=Jan Gunneweg |author2=Th. Beier |author3=U. Diehl |author4=D. Lambrecht |author5=H. Mommsen |journal=Archaeometry |date=August 1991 |volume=33 |issue=2 |publisher=Oxford University |location=Oxford, UK |pages=239–253 |url=http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-edomite-negev-midianite-neutron-activation-analysis-j-gunneweg-1991ad.htm |access-date=8 December 2015 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00701.x |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026091255/http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-edomite-negev-midianite-neutron-activation-analysis-j-gunneweg-1991ad.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

撤出其原居住地后,以东人定居于[[阿契美尼德王朝|波斯帝国]]所属的犹大省南部山丘与[[贝尔谢巴]]北部之间的地区<ref name=NegevI>{{cite book |work=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |title=Idumea |author1=Avraham Negev |author2=Shimon Gibson |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |pages=239–240 |isbn=0-8264-1316-1 }}</ref>。在希腊化时代,这一民族则以“以土买人”的形式见之于史料,他们所居住的区域被称为“以土买”([[希腊语]]: Ἰδουμαία, ''Idoumaía''; [[拉丁语]]:''Idūmaea''),这一名称出现在[[新约]]中<ref name=CathEnc>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor=Charles Léon Souvay |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Idumea |edition= |year=1910 |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07638a.htm |location=New York |quote= |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=2020-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508224831/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07638a.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=EBEdom>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Edom |publisher= |location= |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Edom |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=2019-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130231316/https://www.britannica.com/place/Edom |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

==希伯来圣经中的以东==

以东在[[希伯来语]]中的意思是“红”;《希伯来圣经》中这一名字与以东的建立者[[以扫]]有关,以扫是[[以撒]]的长子、[[雅各 (旧约圣经)|雅各]]的哥哥,出生时“身体发红”<ref>{{bibleref2|Genesis|25:25|9|Genesis 25:25}}</ref>,他因为红豆汤而将长子的名分卖给弟弟雅各<ref>{{bibleref2|Genesis|25:29-34|9|Genesis 25:29-34}}</ref>。[[塔纳赫]]将以东人描述为以扫的后裔<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|36:9|NKJV}}: ''This is the genealogy of Esau the father of the Edomites''</ref>。

==关于以东的考古==
{{Hiero|以东<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1 |date=1925 |page=126 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_1/page/n69}}</ref>|<center><hiero>M17-A2-D46:Z7-G20-T14-N25</hiero></center>|align=left|era=nk}}

以东人可能和古埃及史料中提到的{{tsl|en|Shasu||Shashu}}、{{tsl|en|Shutu||Shautu}}等游牧掠夺者有关。[[麦伦普塔]]统治时期,{{tsl|en|Wadi Tumilat||图米拉特谷}}边境堡垒一名抄书吏的信件里说到了游牧的“以东部落Shasu”<ref>Redford, ''Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times'', Princeton Univ. Press, 1992. p.228, 318.</ref>。铁器时代最早的定居点——可能是铜矿营地——可追溯至公元前9世纪;定居点数量在前8世纪末期增加,目前挖掘的主要遗址可追溯至前8世纪至前6世纪。最后一个模糊提及以东的史料是公元前667年的亚述铭文;在那之后就不清楚什么时候以及为什么以东不再以一个国家而存在,不过许多学者从圣经里——准确来说是《[[俄巴底亚书]]》里对此找到了解释<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts|author=Smith, M.S.|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195134803|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=S1tQ5Larst0C&pg=PA145|page=145|access-date=2015-09-10|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307032829/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=S1tQ5Larst0C&pg=PA145|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

[[亚述]][[楔形文字]]里以东的写法是𒌑𒁺𒈪 Udumi或者𒌑𒁺𒈬 Udumu;同样亚述楔形文字也记载了[[提格拉特帕拉沙尔三世]](约前745年)同时代的以东国王Ḳaus-malaka、[[辛那赫里布]](约705年)同时代的Malik-rammu和[[阿萨尔哈东]]同时代(约前680年)的Ḳaus-gabri。根据埃及的铭文,以东(Aduma)有时扩张至埃及边境 <ref>Müller, ''Asien und Europa,'' p. 135.</ref>。在犹大被[[巴比伦人]]征服后,以东人定居在[[希伯伦]]地区,在此兴盛,在之后的四个世纪里被希腊人和罗马人称呼为以土买人。<ref>Ptolemy, "Geography," v. 16</ref>。与[[耶稣]]大致同时代的[[斯特拉波]]在其著作里认为以土买人的来源是[[纳巴泰人]],他们构成了西[[犹地亚]]的多数人口,与犹地亚人混居,并接受了犹地亚人的风俗习惯<ref>Strabo, ''Geography'' Bk.16.2.34</ref>。一些现代学术研究也持相同观点,同意以土买人的纳巴泰起源<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-king-of-Judaea|title=Herod {{!}} Biography & Facts|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-10-13|language=en|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516144648/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-king-of-Judaea|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=uq2_tK0L2g4C&q=Idumean#v=snippet&q=edomites&f=false|title=The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|last=Retso|first=Jan|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136872891|language=en|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516144647/https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=uq2_tK0L2g4C&q=Idumean#v=snippet&q=edomites&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrrRaeP5po0C&pg=PA44|title=The Myth of a Gentile Galilee|last=Chancey|first=Mark A.|date=2002-05-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139434652|language=en|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516144646/https://books.google.com/books?id=YrrRaeP5po0C&pg=PA44|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=W4H97SA6pMAC&q=Idumaeans#v=snippet&q=Idumaeans&f=false|title=Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|last2=Shahîd|first2=Irfan|date=1984|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=9780884021155|language=en|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516144645/https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=W4H97SA6pMAC&q=Idumaeans#v=snippet&q=Idumaeans&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

Ezra Ben-Yosef和Tom Levy领导的考古工作在2019年证实了以东作为一个王国的存在。考古人员从[[提姆纳河谷]]等地提取了公元前1300-前800年的铜样品,在分析之后,研究者认为,于公元前10世纪攻击了[[耶路撒冷]]的法老[[舍顺克一世]]实际上促进了铜的生产和贸易,而非摧毁该地区。特拉维夫大学教授Ben Yosef陈述道:“我们的新发现推翻了许多考古学家认为这一地区都是松散的部落联盟的观点,而与圣经故事里这里是一个以东王国的说法相吻合。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Israeli-researchers-identify-biblical-kingdom-of-Edom-602158|title=Israeli researchers identify biblical kingdom of Edom - Israel News - Jerusalem Post|website=www.jpost.com|access-date=2019-09-23|archive-date=2020-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316215349/https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Israeli-researchers-identify-biblical-kingdom-of-Edom-602158|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bible-era-nomadic-edomite-tribesmen-were-actually-hi-tech-copper-mavens/|title=Bible-era nomadic Edomite tribesmen were actually hi-tech copper mavens|last=Amanda Borschel-Dan|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-23|archive-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414113701/https://www.timesofisrael.com/bible-era-nomadic-edomite-tribesmen-were-actually-hi-tech-copper-mavens/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levy|first=Thomas E.|last2=Najjar|first2=Mohammad|last3=Tirosh|first3=Ofir|last4=Yagel|first4=Omri A.|last5=Liss|first5=Brady|last6=Ben-Yosef|first6=Erez|date=2019-09-18|title=Ancient technology and punctuated change: Detecting the emergence of the Edomite Kingdom in the Southern Levant|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221967|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=9|pages=e0221967|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0221967|issn=1932-6203|access-date=2020-09-29|archive-date=2020-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505225734/https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0221967|dead-url=no}}</ref>”

==古典时代的以土买==

[[马加比家族]]反抗[[塞琉古帝国]]的起义期间(公元前2世纪早期),《[[马加比二书]]》把一名塞琉古将军[[高尔吉亚_(将军)|高尔吉亚]]称作“以土买总督”;尚不清楚他是不是一个[[希腊化文明|希腊化]]以东人。[[犹大·马卡比]]在公元前163年左右征服了以东人的领土<ref>Josephus, "Ant." xii. 8, §§ 1, 6</ref>,随后约翰·希尔卡纳斯又使他们臣服并强制他们皈依[[犹太教]]<ref>ib. xiii. 9, § 1; xiv. 4, § 4</ref>,将他们纳入犹太民族<ref name="JEnc"/>。以土买人安提帕特与犹地亚人同为[[希律王朝]]的先驱,希律王朝是以东/犹地亚的混合王朝,在罗马征服之后统治犹地亚。[[希律大帝]]委派一系列总督管理以土买省,其中有他的兄弟约瑟夫·安提帕特。[[约瑟夫斯]]在提及上以土买地区时,说到毗邻耶路撒冷南部和西南部的城镇和村庄,例如[[希伯伦]]。《[[米书拿]]》中也曾提及以东<ref>Mishna Kilaim 6:4; Ketuvot 5:8</ref>。人们推测,到了公元1世纪,以土买民族已经从原来的居住地向北迁徙<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0615.htm#21 |title=Joshua 15:21 |accessdate=2020-07-15 |archive-date=2016-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112175755/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0615.htm#21 |dead-url=no }}</ref>,公元66年,[[犹太战争]]期间,犹地亚爆发了内战,西门·巴尔·吉奥拉攻击了上以土买已皈依的犹太教徒,几乎完全摧毁了这一地区的村庄<ref>Josephus, ''De Bello Judaico'' (Wars of the Jews) IV, 514 (''Wars of the Jews'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D4%3Awhiston+chapter%3D9%3Awhiston+section%3D5 4.9.3] {{Wayback|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D4%3Awhiston+chapter%3D9%3Awhiston+section%3D5 |date=20200731011838 }}) and ''De Bello Judaico'' (Wars of the Jews) IV, 529 (''Wars of the Jews'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D4%3Awhiston+chapter%3D9%3Awhiston+section%3D7 4.9.7] {{Wayback|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D4%3Awhiston+chapter%3D9%3Awhiston+section%3D7 |date=20200715153252 }})</ref>。

[[马可福音]]<ref>Mark 3:8</ref>提到[[耶稣]]吸引了来自以土买、犹太、耶路撒冷、[[推罗]]、[[西顿]]和约旦河以东各个地区的信徒。

根据[[约瑟夫斯]]记载,公元70年[[提图斯]]进行的耶路撒冷围城战中,20000名以土买人帮助[[奋锐党]]共同为独立而战<ref>Josephus, ''Jewish Wars'' iv. 4, § 5</ref>。犹太战争结束后,以土买人不再见于史料,不过直到[[耶柔米]]的时代仍使用以土买作为地区名<ref name="JEnc">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Edom, Idumaea |encyclopedia=The Jewish Encyclopedia |volume=3 |pages=40–41 |author=Richard Gottheil, Max Seligsohn |publisher=Funk and Wagnalls |date=1901-06-19 |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view_page.jsp?artid=45&letter=E&pid=1 |access-date=2005-07-25 |lccn=16014703 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921164021/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view_page.jsp?artid=45&letter=E&pid=1 |archive-date=2007-09-21 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

==宗教==
[[File:Edomite goddess, Qitmit. Israel Museum, Jerusalem.JPG|thumb|以东女神雕像([[以色列博物馆]])]]

以东人在[[哈斯蒙尼王朝|哈斯蒙尼]]统治下皈依了犹太教,此前他们的宗教是什么性质,这一点不太明确。铭文证据表明,以东人的民族神是Qaus(קוס)(也写作Qaush、Kaush、Kaus、Kos、Qaws”),因为这一名字出现于赞美诗以及以东的人名中<ref>Ahituv, Shmuel. ''Echoes from the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period''. Jerusalem, Israel: Carta, 2008, pp. 351, 354</ref>。作为迦南闪米特人的近亲,他们可能祭拜[[埃尔_(神)|埃尔]]、[[巴力]]、Qaus和Asherah等神。最古老的圣经文本称[[雅威]]为南以东的神,在被以色列和犹大采用之前可能起源于以东/西奈(Edom/Seir/Teman/Sinai)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=IK1VDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123&dq=%22YhWH%27s+provenance+from+the+south%22&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_ro_tlKDfAhWPMewKHc2gAGoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22YhWH's%20provenance%20from%20the%20south%22&f=false|author=M. Leuenberger|chapter=YHWH's Provenance from the South|title=The Origins of Yahwism|editor1=J. van Oorschot|editor2=M. Witte|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin/Boston|year=2017|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=2020-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717083607/https://books.google.nl/books?id=IK1VDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123&dq=%22YhWH's+provenance+from+the+south%22&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_ro_tlKDfAhWPMewKHc2gAGoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22YhWH's%20provenance%20from%20the%20south%22&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref>。源于塔木德的一个犹太传说认为以扫的后裔最终成为了罗马人,以及更大程度上成为了欧洲人<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://asknoah.org/faq/edom-magdiel-rome |title=Did the Edomite tribe Magdiel found Rome? |accessdate=2020-07-15 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730234842/https://asknoah.org/faq/edom-magdiel-rome |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/people/edomites/ |title=Edomites |quote=in rabbinical sources, the word "Edom" was a code name for Rome |accessdate=2020-07-15 |archive-date=2020-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730231502/https://www.livius.org/articles/people/edomites/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

[[约瑟夫斯]]曾提到,以土买人曾祭拜一个名为Koze的神<ref>Antiquities of the Jews, Book 15, chapter 7, section 9</ref>。

==参考资料==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:200 宗教总论]]
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