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梨俱吠陀
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| style="background: #66CCFF" align= center| '''<big>梨俱吠陀</big> '''
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中文名: 梨俱吠陀
外文名Rigveda
全 名:《梨俱吠陀本集》
所属国家:[[印度]]
类 型:诗歌集
|}
《'''梨俱吠陀'''》（{{lang-sa|ऋग्वेद|{{IAST|ṛgveda}}}}），梵文由{{IAST|ṛc}}（“歌颂”）和{{IAST|veda}}（“知识”）两个词根构成，全名《'''梨俱吠陀本集'''》，汉译为《'''歌咏明论'''》，是[[吠陀经]]中最早出现的一卷，成文于公元前16世纪到前11世纪，是除了[[赫梯语]]的文献外，在[[印欧语系]]语言中最古老的书籍。与其他文明的古老文献不同，它是以口传方式保存下来的。
==内容==
《梨俱吠陀》分十卷，收诗1028首﹐其中有11首被认为是附录，最短的诗只有3节，最长的诗有58节，是[[雅利安人]]来到印度河两岸，对神的赞歌。
雅利安人将[[宇宙]]分为三界：天界、空界和地界，每一界有11个神，三界共33个神，天界的神有帝奥斯、婆楼那、苏利耶、乌莎、罗底利；空界的神有因陀罗、阿邦那波陀、鲁陀罗；地界之神有泼利提韦、阿耆尼、苏摩，这些深厚而丰富的精神思维体系，反映出雅利安人对于先智慧开导者们的崇拜与向往。因陀罗是古印度人部落的首领，骁勇善战，在公元前2000年征服印度，古印度人的诗人为了歌颂他而创作出200余首神曲。
《梨俱吠陀》中所记载的妖魔，后人推断为古代印度的[[奴隶]]，西来的雅利安人又以“[[瓦尔那]]”来分别其阶级，最后再转义为“种姓”，《梨俱吠陀》末卷出现了[[婆罗门]]、[[刹帝利]]、[[吠舍]]、[[首陀罗]]四个种姓。
《梨俱吠陀》除颂神的诗歌外，还有世俗诗歌，有一些以[[婚礼]]、[[爱情]]、[[巫术]]甚至是[[赌博]]为内容的神曲，例如第六章俗谛神曲序《[[赌徒忏悔录]]》，描写掷[[骰子]]的迷人之处，一位教徒赌输后跪在神像前忏悔，哀号凄切，以及家中母亲和妻子的忧伤。这些作品都反映着吠陀时期人民的生活[[习俗]]。
==传播==
《梨俱吠陀》的成书时间大致是在公元前2000至1500年之间，由于本地印度人没有惯用文字记述，《梨俱吠陀》实际上是靠婆罗门祭司们代代口耳相传，尔后才有手稿。[[玄奘]]在迦湿弥罗的时候就曾读过“四吠陀”。19世纪欧洲人第一次刊印《梨俱吠陀》，有德、英、法等译本。
==历史==
公元前10世纪，居住于印度的雅利安人产生了婆罗门教，其经典是《吠陀》。“吠陀”（veda）的意义是求知或知识，也有解释为“圣经”。最初有三种或曰“三明”，后来增加一种即所谓四吠陀。雅利安文化及其医学的来源是四部《吠陀》经。第一部《梨俱吠陀》或译作《赞诵明论》，大约于公元前1500~900年间陆续写成，是印度医学的起源。其中提到药用植物，并提及麻风病、结核病、外伤等疾病。
《梨俱吠陀》，印度古代《吠陀》文献中的一部，它和《阿闼婆吠陀》同为上古诗歌的总集，是印度现存最重要、最古老的诗集，也最有文学价值，全名《梨俱吠陀本集》。它在世界文学中放射着光辉，好像我国上古诗歌的总集《诗经》一样。
“吠陀”的本义是知，即知识；“梨俱”是作品中诗节的名称。《梨俱吠陀》编订年代可能是在公元前1500年前后，只有一派的传本，收诗1028首，其中有11首被认为是附录。最短的诗只有3节，最长的有58节，一般都不超过12节。全书共有10552节诗。诗的创作年代又有先后。语言也比印度其他上古文献的用语更为古老。这部诗集的创作和编订的确切年代还没有定论。全书分为10卷或8卷。印度传统认为，书中诗歌是由上古的修道士仙人传授下来，由一个名叫广博（音译毗耶娑）的修道士仙人加工整理而成。
《梨俱吠陀》中诗的内容比较复杂，有上古的神话传说，也有自然界和现实社会生活的反映，以及祭祀和巫术。这些诗歌反映了印度原始社会时期和阶级分化并向奴隶制社会过渡时期的思想、生活和习俗。还包括有强烈生活气息的对话体诗，分为对白和独白，可以在祭祀、巫术仪式或者节日集会上表演，有一定的戏剧性，有人认为是印度戏曲的起源。
神话中歌颂最多的神是众神之首的因陀罗。对于这些神话中的神，印度按照以后的宗教信仰加以解释。近代西方学者先以为它们是自然现象的化身，后以为是社会现象的体现，以后由于考古发掘的文物不断出现，对神话传说中所反映的历史事实又有了进一步的理解。作品中有几首诗对神提出怀疑，显示了印度最早的哲学思想。《梨俱吠陀》作为上古历史文献资料，是人类宝贵的遗产。
作为文学作品，《梨俱吠陀》包含了人类早期的一些清新朴素的诗歌作品。有不少诗在艺术上已有相当水平，不是原始的简单歌唱。书中的诗已有15种格律，可见当时文学创作的发展。诗的格律是以每节诗中的音数整齐的句作单位的。4个8音句构成一节的格律广泛流行，就是一般所谓32音一节的颂体。当然，其中也包括一些内容贫乏、词句呆板的作品，例如一些赞美布施的诗。
《梨俱吠陀》长期靠口传，后有了写本，到19世纪才由欧洲人第一次刊印。现有数种语言全译或选译本。
== 参见 ==
*[[吠陀]]
*[[奥义书]]
*[[梨俱吠陀维基]]
==参考文献==
{{refbegin|2}}
;Editions
* editio princeps: [[Friedrich Max Müller]], ''The Hymns of the Rigveda, with [[Sayana]]'s commentary'', London, 1849–75, 6 vols., 2nd ed. 4 vols., Oxford, 1890–92.
* [[Theodor Aufrecht]], 2nd ed., Bonn, 1877.
* {{Cite book | others =Sāyanachārya (commentary) | last=Sontakke | first =N. S. | year =1933 | title ={{IAST|Rgveda-Samhitā: Śrimat-Sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā}} | edition =First | publisher ={{IAST|Vaidika Samśodhana Maṇḍala}}| editor3-last=Rājvade | editor3-first=V. K. | postscript =<!--None-->}}. The Editorial Board for the First Edition included N. S. Sontakke (Managing Editor), V. K. {{IAST|Rājvade}}, M. M. {{IAST|Vāsudevaśāstri}}, and T. S. {{IAST|Varadarājaśarmā}}.
* B. van Nooten und G. Holland, ''Rig Veda, a metrically restored text'', Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.
* Rgveda-Samhita, Text in Devanagari, English translation Notes and indices by H. H. Wilson, Ed. W.F. Webster, originally in 1888, Published Nag Publishers 1990, 11A/U.A. Jawaharnagar,Delhi-7.
;Commentary
* [[Sayana]] (14th century)
** ed. Müller 1849–75 (German translation);
** ed. Müller (original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on 24 manuscripts).
** ed. Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Pune (2nd ed. 1972) in 5 volumes.
* Rgveda-Samhitā Srimat-sāyanāchārya virachita-{{IAST|bhāṣya}}-sametā, ed. by Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samśodhana Mandala,Pune-9,1972, in 5 volumes (It is original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on over 60 manuscripts).
* [[Sri Aurobindo]], ''Hymns to the Mystic Fire'' (Commentary on the Rig Veda), Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-22-5 [http://www.mountainman.com.au/rghmf_00.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mountainman.com.au/rghmf_00.html |date=20160406165021 }}
* Raimundo Pannikar (1972), ''The Vedic Experience'', University of California Press
;Philology
* Vashishtha Narayan Jha, ''A Linguistic Analysis of the Rgveda-Padapatha'' Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi (1992).
* Bjorn Merker, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024500/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c12.htm Rig Veda Riddles In Nomad Perspective], Mongolian Studies, Journal of the Mongolian Society XI, 1988.
* Thomas Oberlies, ''Die Religion des Rgveda'', Wien 1998.
* {{cite book|first= Hermann|last= Oldenberg|year=1894|title= ''Hymnen des Rigveda. 1. Teil: Metrische und textgeschichtliche Prolegomena.'' Berlin 1888|publisher=(please add), Wiesbaden 1982|ref=harv}}
*—''Die Religion des Veda''. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977
*—''Vedic Hymns'', The [[Sacred Books of the East]] vo, l. 46 ed. [[Friedrich Max Müller]], Oxford 1897
* Adolf Kaegi, ''The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians'' (trans. R. Arrowsmith), Boston, Ginn and Co. (1886), 2004 reprint: ISBN 978-1-4179-8205-9.
*{{Cite journal| last = Mallory | first = J. P. et al | title = Indo-Iranian Languages in [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]] | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | publication-date = 1997 | year=1989| ref = harv }}
;Historical
* {{Citation | last =Anthony | first =David W. | year =2007 | title =The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{citation |last=Avari |first=Burjor |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=India: The Ancient Past|year=2007 |publisher=Routledge|location=London |isbn= 978-0-415-35616-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|author-link=Edwin Bryant (author)|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=Oxford|year=2001|isbn=0-19-513777-9|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}}
* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | authorlink = Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* Lal, B.B. 2005. The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology, New Delhi, Aryan Books International.
* [[Shrikant G. Talageri|Talageri, Shrikant]]: [[The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis]], 2000. ISBN 81-7742-010-0
* {{Citation|last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=EJVS vol. 1 no. 4 (1995) |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2012 }}
* {{citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael (ed.)| authorlink = Michael Witzel|title=Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas |year=1997 |series=Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2|publisher=Harvard University Press|location = Cambridge}}
{{refend}}
==外部连结==
;Text
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/index.htm Devanagari and transliteration] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/index.htm |date=20160507154044 }} experimental online text at: sacred-texts.com
* [http://www.detlef108.de/Rigveda.htm ITRANS, Devanagari, transliteration] {{Wayback|url=http://www.detlef108.de/Rigveda.htm |date=20160331214348 }} online text and PDF, several versions prepared by Detlef Eichler
* [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/RV/index.html Transliteration, metrically restored] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/RV/index.html |date=20160304124610 }} online text, at: Linguistics Research Center, Univ. of Texas
* [http://keithbriggs.info/documents/rv.pdf Transliteration with tone accents] {{Wayback|url=http://keithbriggs.info/documents/rv.pdf |date=20170316171707 }} PDF prepared by Keith Briggs
* ''[http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#veda The Hymns of the Rigveda] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#veda |date=20110716101515 }}'', Editio Princeps by [[Friedrich Max Müller]] (large PDF files of book scans). Two editions: London, 1877 (Samhita and Pada texts) and Oxford, 1890–92, with Sayana's commentary.
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rigveda}}
; Audio
* [https://archive.is/20140907202747/http://iishdownloads.info/rig-veda/ Audio download (MP3)] by Indian Institute of Scientific Heritage (IISH)
* [http://www.gatewayforindia.com/vedas/rigveda.html Audio download (MP3)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gatewayforindia.com/vedas/rigveda.html |date=20160516030922 }}. Live recording by Varanasi-based scholars; chanted in North Indian style, i.e. without tones (yeha swara)
* [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18195792 Choral Hymns from the Rig Veda, Op.26], Gustav Holtz, 14 pieces in 4 groups, Piano with Violins, Romantic Movements, [https://urresearch.rochester.edu/institutionalPublicationPublicView.action;jsessionid=5D762A8F787F4E6A6052D24FF5A5460E?institutionalItemVersionId=21426 Vocal Scores] {{Wayback|url=https://urresearch.rochester.edu/institutionalPublicationPublicView.action;jsessionid=5D762A8F787F4E6A6052D24FF5A5460E?institutionalItemVersionId=21426 |date=20170331175147 }}, University of Rochester
; Translations
* [[wikisource:The Rig Veda|English translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith]] on Wikisource
* For links to other translations, see [[#Translations|Translations]] section above.
; Other
* [http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22246/1148911056158_India_Rigveda.doc/58+India+Rigveda.doc Nomination of Rigveda] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070926082043/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22246/1148911056158_India_Rigveda.doc/58+India+Rigveda.doc |date=2007-09-26 }} (.doc format) submitted by India in 2006–2007 for inclusion in the [[Memory of the World Register]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143956/http://rigveda.us/b1/undediphered.pdf A Still Undeciphered Text: How the scientific approach to the Rigveda would open up Indo-European Studies], Karen Thomson (2009), The Journal of Indo-European Studies, Volume 37, Number 1 & 2, pages 1–47 (a review of various attempts to translate Rigveda and the issues with current translations)
*季羡林：〈[http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=1002915788 《梨俱吠陀》几首哲学赞歌新解] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=1002915788 |date=20180303225406 }}〉。
[[Category:200 宗教总论]]
|-
| style="background: #66CCFF" align= center| '''<big>梨俱吠陀</big> '''
|-
|<center><img src=https://bkimg.cdn.bcebos.com/pic/61183b2d8e05cb0f349bf7c8?x-bce-process=image/resize,m_lfit,w_235,h_235,limit_1/format,f_auto width="250"></center>
<small>[https://baike.baidu.com/pic/%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80/1530885/0/61183b2d8e05cb0f349bf7c8?fr=lemma#aid=0&pic=61183b2d8e05cb0f349bf7c8 来自 图片网 的图片]</small>
|-
| style="background: #66CCFF" align= center|
|-
| align= light|
中文名: 梨俱吠陀
外文名Rigveda
全 名:《梨俱吠陀本集》
所属国家:[[印度]]
类 型:诗歌集
|}
《'''梨俱吠陀'''》（{{lang-sa|ऋग्वेद|{{IAST|ṛgveda}}}}），梵文由{{IAST|ṛc}}（“歌颂”）和{{IAST|veda}}（“知识”）两个词根构成，全名《'''梨俱吠陀本集'''》，汉译为《'''歌咏明论'''》，是[[吠陀经]]中最早出现的一卷，成文于公元前16世纪到前11世纪，是除了[[赫梯语]]的文献外，在[[印欧语系]]语言中最古老的书籍。与其他文明的古老文献不同，它是以口传方式保存下来的。
==内容==
《梨俱吠陀》分十卷，收诗1028首﹐其中有11首被认为是附录，最短的诗只有3节，最长的诗有58节，是[[雅利安人]]来到印度河两岸，对神的赞歌。
雅利安人将[[宇宙]]分为三界：天界、空界和地界，每一界有11个神，三界共33个神，天界的神有帝奥斯、婆楼那、苏利耶、乌莎、罗底利；空界的神有因陀罗、阿邦那波陀、鲁陀罗；地界之神有泼利提韦、阿耆尼、苏摩，这些深厚而丰富的精神思维体系，反映出雅利安人对于先智慧开导者们的崇拜与向往。因陀罗是古印度人部落的首领，骁勇善战，在公元前2000年征服印度，古印度人的诗人为了歌颂他而创作出200余首神曲。
《梨俱吠陀》中所记载的妖魔，后人推断为古代印度的[[奴隶]]，西来的雅利安人又以“[[瓦尔那]]”来分别其阶级，最后再转义为“种姓”，《梨俱吠陀》末卷出现了[[婆罗门]]、[[刹帝利]]、[[吠舍]]、[[首陀罗]]四个种姓。
《梨俱吠陀》除颂神的诗歌外，还有世俗诗歌，有一些以[[婚礼]]、[[爱情]]、[[巫术]]甚至是[[赌博]]为内容的神曲，例如第六章俗谛神曲序《[[赌徒忏悔录]]》，描写掷[[骰子]]的迷人之处，一位教徒赌输后跪在神像前忏悔，哀号凄切，以及家中母亲和妻子的忧伤。这些作品都反映着吠陀时期人民的生活[[习俗]]。
==传播==
《梨俱吠陀》的成书时间大致是在公元前2000至1500年之间，由于本地印度人没有惯用文字记述，《梨俱吠陀》实际上是靠婆罗门祭司们代代口耳相传，尔后才有手稿。[[玄奘]]在迦湿弥罗的时候就曾读过“四吠陀”。19世纪欧洲人第一次刊印《梨俱吠陀》，有德、英、法等译本。
==历史==
公元前10世纪，居住于印度的雅利安人产生了婆罗门教，其经典是《吠陀》。“吠陀”（veda）的意义是求知或知识，也有解释为“圣经”。最初有三种或曰“三明”，后来增加一种即所谓四吠陀。雅利安文化及其医学的来源是四部《吠陀》经。第一部《梨俱吠陀》或译作《赞诵明论》，大约于公元前1500~900年间陆续写成，是印度医学的起源。其中提到药用植物，并提及麻风病、结核病、外伤等疾病。
《梨俱吠陀》，印度古代《吠陀》文献中的一部，它和《阿闼婆吠陀》同为上古诗歌的总集，是印度现存最重要、最古老的诗集，也最有文学价值，全名《梨俱吠陀本集》。它在世界文学中放射着光辉，好像我国上古诗歌的总集《诗经》一样。
“吠陀”的本义是知，即知识；“梨俱”是作品中诗节的名称。《梨俱吠陀》编订年代可能是在公元前1500年前后，只有一派的传本，收诗1028首，其中有11首被认为是附录。最短的诗只有3节，最长的有58节，一般都不超过12节。全书共有10552节诗。诗的创作年代又有先后。语言也比印度其他上古文献的用语更为古老。这部诗集的创作和编订的确切年代还没有定论。全书分为10卷或8卷。印度传统认为，书中诗歌是由上古的修道士仙人传授下来，由一个名叫广博（音译毗耶娑）的修道士仙人加工整理而成。
《梨俱吠陀》中诗的内容比较复杂，有上古的神话传说，也有自然界和现实社会生活的反映，以及祭祀和巫术。这些诗歌反映了印度原始社会时期和阶级分化并向奴隶制社会过渡时期的思想、生活和习俗。还包括有强烈生活气息的对话体诗，分为对白和独白，可以在祭祀、巫术仪式或者节日集会上表演，有一定的戏剧性，有人认为是印度戏曲的起源。
神话中歌颂最多的神是众神之首的因陀罗。对于这些神话中的神，印度按照以后的宗教信仰加以解释。近代西方学者先以为它们是自然现象的化身，后以为是社会现象的体现，以后由于考古发掘的文物不断出现，对神话传说中所反映的历史事实又有了进一步的理解。作品中有几首诗对神提出怀疑，显示了印度最早的哲学思想。《梨俱吠陀》作为上古历史文献资料，是人类宝贵的遗产。
作为文学作品，《梨俱吠陀》包含了人类早期的一些清新朴素的诗歌作品。有不少诗在艺术上已有相当水平，不是原始的简单歌唱。书中的诗已有15种格律，可见当时文学创作的发展。诗的格律是以每节诗中的音数整齐的句作单位的。4个8音句构成一节的格律广泛流行，就是一般所谓32音一节的颂体。当然，其中也包括一些内容贫乏、词句呆板的作品，例如一些赞美布施的诗。
《梨俱吠陀》长期靠口传，后有了写本，到19世纪才由欧洲人第一次刊印。现有数种语言全译或选译本。
== 参见 ==
*[[吠陀]]
*[[奥义书]]
*[[梨俱吠陀维基]]
==参考文献==
{{refbegin|2}}
;Editions
* editio princeps: [[Friedrich Max Müller]], ''The Hymns of the Rigveda, with [[Sayana]]'s commentary'', London, 1849–75, 6 vols., 2nd ed. 4 vols., Oxford, 1890–92.
* [[Theodor Aufrecht]], 2nd ed., Bonn, 1877.
* {{Cite book | others =Sāyanachārya (commentary) | last=Sontakke | first =N. S. | year =1933 | title ={{IAST|Rgveda-Samhitā: Śrimat-Sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā}} | edition =First | publisher ={{IAST|Vaidika Samśodhana Maṇḍala}}| editor3-last=Rājvade | editor3-first=V. K. | postscript =<!--None-->}}. The Editorial Board for the First Edition included N. S. Sontakke (Managing Editor), V. K. {{IAST|Rājvade}}, M. M. {{IAST|Vāsudevaśāstri}}, and T. S. {{IAST|Varadarājaśarmā}}.
* B. van Nooten und G. Holland, ''Rig Veda, a metrically restored text'', Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.
* Rgveda-Samhita, Text in Devanagari, English translation Notes and indices by H. H. Wilson, Ed. W.F. Webster, originally in 1888, Published Nag Publishers 1990, 11A/U.A. Jawaharnagar,Delhi-7.
;Commentary
* [[Sayana]] (14th century)
** ed. Müller 1849–75 (German translation);
** ed. Müller (original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on 24 manuscripts).
** ed. Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Pune (2nd ed. 1972) in 5 volumes.
* Rgveda-Samhitā Srimat-sāyanāchārya virachita-{{IAST|bhāṣya}}-sametā, ed. by Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samśodhana Mandala,Pune-9,1972, in 5 volumes (It is original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on over 60 manuscripts).
* [[Sri Aurobindo]], ''Hymns to the Mystic Fire'' (Commentary on the Rig Veda), Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-22-5 [http://www.mountainman.com.au/rghmf_00.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mountainman.com.au/rghmf_00.html |date=20160406165021 }}
* Raimundo Pannikar (1972), ''The Vedic Experience'', University of California Press
;Philology
* Vashishtha Narayan Jha, ''A Linguistic Analysis of the Rgveda-Padapatha'' Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi (1992).
* Bjorn Merker, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024500/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c12.htm Rig Veda Riddles In Nomad Perspective], Mongolian Studies, Journal of the Mongolian Society XI, 1988.
* Thomas Oberlies, ''Die Religion des Rgveda'', Wien 1998.
* {{cite book|first= Hermann|last= Oldenberg|year=1894|title= ''Hymnen des Rigveda. 1. Teil: Metrische und textgeschichtliche Prolegomena.'' Berlin 1888|publisher=(please add), Wiesbaden 1982|ref=harv}}
*—''Die Religion des Veda''. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977
*—''Vedic Hymns'', The [[Sacred Books of the East]] vo, l. 46 ed. [[Friedrich Max Müller]], Oxford 1897
* Adolf Kaegi, ''The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians'' (trans. R. Arrowsmith), Boston, Ginn and Co. (1886), 2004 reprint: ISBN 978-1-4179-8205-9.
*{{Cite journal| last = Mallory | first = J. P. et al | title = Indo-Iranian Languages in [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]] | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | publication-date = 1997 | year=1989| ref = harv }}
;Historical
* {{Citation | last =Anthony | first =David W. | year =2007 | title =The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{citation |last=Avari |first=Burjor |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=India: The Ancient Past|year=2007 |publisher=Routledge|location=London |isbn= 978-0-415-35616-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|author-link=Edwin Bryant (author)|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=Oxford|year=2001|isbn=0-19-513777-9|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}}
* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | authorlink = Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* Lal, B.B. 2005. The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology, New Delhi, Aryan Books International.
* [[Shrikant G. Talageri|Talageri, Shrikant]]: [[The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis]], 2000. ISBN 81-7742-010-0
* {{Citation|last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=EJVS vol. 1 no. 4 (1995) |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2012 }}
* {{citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael (ed.)| authorlink = Michael Witzel|title=Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas |year=1997 |series=Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2|publisher=Harvard University Press|location = Cambridge}}
{{refend}}
==外部连结==
;Text
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/index.htm Devanagari and transliteration] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/index.htm |date=20160507154044 }} experimental online text at: sacred-texts.com
* [http://www.detlef108.de/Rigveda.htm ITRANS, Devanagari, transliteration] {{Wayback|url=http://www.detlef108.de/Rigveda.htm |date=20160331214348 }} online text and PDF, several versions prepared by Detlef Eichler
* [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/RV/index.html Transliteration, metrically restored] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/RV/index.html |date=20160304124610 }} online text, at: Linguistics Research Center, Univ. of Texas
* [http://keithbriggs.info/documents/rv.pdf Transliteration with tone accents] {{Wayback|url=http://keithbriggs.info/documents/rv.pdf |date=20170316171707 }} PDF prepared by Keith Briggs
* ''[http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#veda The Hymns of the Rigveda] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#veda |date=20110716101515 }}'', Editio Princeps by [[Friedrich Max Müller]] (large PDF files of book scans). Two editions: London, 1877 (Samhita and Pada texts) and Oxford, 1890–92, with Sayana's commentary.
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rigveda}}
; Audio
* [https://archive.is/20140907202747/http://iishdownloads.info/rig-veda/ Audio download (MP3)] by Indian Institute of Scientific Heritage (IISH)
* [http://www.gatewayforindia.com/vedas/rigveda.html Audio download (MP3)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gatewayforindia.com/vedas/rigveda.html |date=20160516030922 }}. Live recording by Varanasi-based scholars; chanted in North Indian style, i.e. without tones (yeha swara)
* [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18195792 Choral Hymns from the Rig Veda, Op.26], Gustav Holtz, 14 pieces in 4 groups, Piano with Violins, Romantic Movements, [https://urresearch.rochester.edu/institutionalPublicationPublicView.action;jsessionid=5D762A8F787F4E6A6052D24FF5A5460E?institutionalItemVersionId=21426 Vocal Scores] {{Wayback|url=https://urresearch.rochester.edu/institutionalPublicationPublicView.action;jsessionid=5D762A8F787F4E6A6052D24FF5A5460E?institutionalItemVersionId=21426 |date=20170331175147 }}, University of Rochester
; Translations
* [[wikisource:The Rig Veda|English translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith]] on Wikisource
* For links to other translations, see [[#Translations|Translations]] section above.
; Other
* [http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22246/1148911056158_India_Rigveda.doc/58+India+Rigveda.doc Nomination of Rigveda] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070926082043/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22246/1148911056158_India_Rigveda.doc/58+India+Rigveda.doc |date=2007-09-26 }} (.doc format) submitted by India in 2006–2007 for inclusion in the [[Memory of the World Register]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143956/http://rigveda.us/b1/undediphered.pdf A Still Undeciphered Text: How the scientific approach to the Rigveda would open up Indo-European Studies], Karen Thomson (2009), The Journal of Indo-European Studies, Volume 37, Number 1 & 2, pages 1–47 (a review of various attempts to translate Rigveda and the issues with current translations)
*季羡林：〈[http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=1002915788 《梨俱吠陀》几首哲学赞歌新解] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_read.aspx?id=1002915788 |date=20180303225406 }}〉。
[[Category:200 宗教总论]]