變更

{{Infobox person

| name = 丽莎·焦孔多<br />{{lang|en|Lisa del Giocondo}}

| image_size =

| caption = [[列奥纳多·达·芬奇]]于1503至1506年创作的《[[蒙娜丽莎]]》细节图，画作现存[[卢浮宫]]

| death_place = 意大利佛罗伦萨圣奥尔索拉修道院

| spouse = 弗朗切斯科·德尔·焦孔多（{{lang|en|Francesco del Giocondo}}）

| known_for = 《[[蒙娜丽莎]]》中的人物

}}

后人对丽莎的一生所知甚少。她生于佛罗伦萨，十几岁时就嫁给了布料和丝稠商人，丈夫之后还当上地方官员。丽莎生有5个孩子，现代研究大多认为她生活舒适，属普通[[中产阶级|中产阶层]]的一员。丽莎的丈夫比她年长很多，去世也比她早。

1495年3月5日，丽莎与弗朗切斯科·迪巴托洛梅奥·迪扎诺比·德尔·焦孔多（{{lang|it|Francesco di Bartolomeo di Zanobi del Giocondo}}）成婚。弗朗切斯科是个商人，在经营[[纺织品|布料]]和[[丝绸]]的生意上还算成功。丽莎嫁给他时年仅15岁，嫁妆是170[[弗罗林]]，加上娘家乡间别墅附近的圣西尔维斯特农场，这说明当时格拉迪尼家族已不算很富裕，夫妻两人应该是真心相爱。<ref name="Zöllner" />{{rp|5}}圣西尔维斯特农场位于[[卡斯泰利纳伊恩基亚恩蒂|卡斯泰利纳]]和圣多纳托之间，与之后[[米开朗基罗]]拥有的两个农场距离很近<ref name="Pallanti-2006" />{{rp|45-46}}。夫妻两人在佛罗伦萨属中产阶级，这次婚姻有可能提升了丽莎的[[社会地位]]，因为丈夫的家族可能更加富有<ref name="Zöllner" />{{rp|5}}。弗朗切斯科也从此次婚姻获益，因为格拉迪尼是老贵族名号<ref name="Kemp">{{cite book | author = Kemp, Martin | title = Leonardo Da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature And Man | url = http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=1-t_dJh-_mUC&pg=PA261&hl=zh-CN | pages = 261–262 | publisher = Oxford University Press via Google Books limited preview | isbn = 0-19-280725-0 | year = 2006 | accessdate = 2014-10-01 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083823/http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=1-t_dJh-_mUC&pg=PA261&hl=zh-CN | archivedate = 2014-10-06 }}</ref>。1503年3月5日，弗朗切斯科在家族旧居隔壁买下一套房子，与夫人一起搬进去，估计列奥纳多也正是在这年开始为丽莎画像<ref>{{cite web|title=Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archivedate=2014-07-30 |url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |publisher=Musée du Louvre |accessdate=2014-07-30 }}</ref><ref name="Zöllner" />{{rp|9}}。

丽莎与弗朗切斯科一共有五个孩子，分别叫皮埃罗、卡米拉、安德烈亚、焦孔多和玛丽埃塔，其中四个是在1496到1507年间出生<ref name="Johnston">{{cite news | author = Johnston, Bruce | title = Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five | work = Telegraph.co.uk | publisher = Telegraph Media Group | archivedate = 2014-05-17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140517092946/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1468392/Riddle-of-Mona-Lisa-is-finally-solved-she-was-the-mother-of-five.html | date = 2004-01-01 | accessdate = 2014-10-01 | deadurl = no | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1468392/Riddle-of-Mona-Lisa-is-finally-solved-she-was-the-mother-of-five.html}}</ref>，丽莎还有个1499年夭折的小女儿<ref name="Zöllner" />{{rp|4}}。

== 《蒙娜丽莎》 ==

与佛罗伦萨其他经济实力类似的居民一样，弗朗切斯科一家也是艺术爱好者和赞助人。他的儿子巴托洛梅奥曾请安东尼奥·迪唐尼诺·马扎里（{{lang|en|Antonio di Donnino Mazzieri}}）在家族位于[[佛罗伦萨圣母领报大殿]]的墓地绘制[[壁画]]。[[安德烈亚·德尔·萨尔托]]还为该家族另一成员画了幅[[圣母玛利亚 (绘画)|圣母玛利亚]]。<ref name="Müntz" />{{rp|154}}弗朗切斯科聘请列奥纳多·达·芬奇为爱妻画像，还请多梅尼科·普里戈（{{lang|en|Domenico Puligo}}）画了[[亚西西的方济各]]。估计他请画家为丽莎画像是为庆祝安德烈亚降生和家中买下新居<ref name="Zöllner" />{{rp|9}}。

15到16世纪初，为忠贞女性绘制肖像在艺术界比较常见，《蒙娜丽莎》就是这类作品。画中丽莎的右手位于左手之上，这表明她忠于丈夫<ref>{{cite web | quote = 丽莎的右手放在左手上，充分表现出温良而忠贞的仪态 | title = 蒙娜丽莎生于衰落贵族之家 嫁给富商 | accessdate = 2014-10-06 | url = http://culture.huanbohainews.com.cn/system/2010/10/27/010847827.shtml | work = 环渤海新闻网>文化>收藏天地 | date = 2010-10-27 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006002013/http://culture.huanbohainews.com.cn/system/2010/10/27/010847827.shtml | archivedate = 2014-10-06 }}</ref>。达·芬奇所画的丽莎有可能比真人更加时尚。她的黑色衣服和面纱都是受[[西班牙]]影响的高级时装，而非像部分学者推测的那样是为了哀悼过世的女儿。按当时的情况来说，这幅肖像的尺寸非常大，通常来说，画像的尺寸与艺术赞助人的富有程度成正比。学者认为，弗朗切斯科在画作上砸下重金，表明他和丽莎在社会地位上的抱负。<ref name="Zöllner" />{{rp|12}}

1503年春，达·芬奇没有收入来源，这有可能是他愿为私人画像的重要原因<ref name="Masters" /><ref name="Zöllner" />{{rp|7}}。但到了这年晚些时候，他开始收到创作《[[安吉亚里战役 (绘画)|安吉亚里战役]]》的报酬，金额比《蒙娜丽莎》更高，并且规定达·芬奇必须在1505年2月完成，为此他很可能不得不推迟《蒙娜丽莎》的创作<ref name="Müntz" />{{rp|136}}。1506年，达·芬奇仍然没有完成肖像<ref name="Clark" />，所以没有拿到报酬，也没有将画作交给雇主<ref name="Zöllner" />{{rp|6}}。达·芬奇之后带着这幅画走遍天下，有可能过了好些年才在[[法国]]将其完成<ref name="Kemp" />，有学者估计是在1516年完成<ref>{{cite web | title = Mona Lisa 1503-16 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140829092523/http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=197 | archivedate = 2014-08-29 | url = http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=197 | publisher = University of the Arts, London | accessdate = 2014-10-02}}</ref>。

有观点认为，至少有四幅画作所画的是丽莎，对她身份的猜测涉及至少十人<ref>{{cite journal | author = Stites, Raymond S. | title = Mona Lisa--Monna Bella | journal = Parnassus | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–10+22–23 | publisher = College Art Association via JSTOR | date = 1936-01 | doi = 10.2307/771197 | jstor = 771197}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The Two "Mona Lisas" | publisher = The Century: A Popular Quarterly by Making of America Project via Google Books scan from University of Michigan copy | year = 1914 | url = http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=ux0MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA525&vq=mona+lisa&hl=zh-CN#PPA528,M1 | accessdate = 2014-10-02 | page = 525 | author = Littlefield, Walter | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115840/http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=ux0MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA525&vq=mona+lisa&hl=zh-CN#PPA528,M1 | archivedate = 2014-10-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Wilson, Colin | title = The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved | publisher = Carroll & Graf via Google Books limited preview | accessdate = 2014-10-02 | url = http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=FSw4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3&lpg=PT3&dq=The+Mammoth+Encyclopedia+of+the+Unsolved&source=bl&ots=2tRPW3WLfK&sig=wGHmRE9YytMnv8qUuRD6IqS1ec0&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ei=_MIsVJm7Bcn1OO_mgKgK&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=The%20Mammoth%20Encyclopedia | year = 2000 | pages = 364–366 | isbn = 0-7867-0793-3 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101914/http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=FSw4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3&lpg=PT3&dq=The+Mammoth+Encyclopedia+of+the+Unsolved&source=bl&ots=2tRPW3WLfK&sig=wGHmRE9YytMnv8qUuRD6IqS1ec0&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ei=_MIsVJm7Bcn1OO_mgKgK&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=The%20Mammoth%20Encyclopedia | archivedate = 2014-10-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = Debelle, Penelope | title = Behind that secret smile | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131125184249/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/24/1088046208817.html | deadurl = no | url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/24/1088046208817.html | work = The Age | publisher = The Age Company | date = 2004-06-25 | accessdate = 2014-10-02 | archivedate = 2013-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = Johnston, Bruce | title = Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five | work = Telegraph.co.uk | publisher = Telegraph Media Group | date = 2004-01-08 | accessdate = 2014-10-02 | archivedate = 2014-05-17 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140517092946/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1468392/Riddle-of-Mona-Lisa-is-finally-solved-she-was-the-mother-of-five.html | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1468392/Riddle-of-Mona-Lisa-is-finally-solved-she-was-the-mother-of-five.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = Nicholl, Charles (review of Mona Lisa: The History of the World's Most Famous Painting by Donald Sassoon) | title = The myth of the Mona Lisa | work = Guardian Unlimited | publisher = London Review of Books via Guardian News and Media | url = http://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/28/londonreviewofbooks | date = 2002-03-28 | accessdate = 2014-10-02 | archivedate = 2014-06-13 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140613063909/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/28/londonreviewofbooks}}</ref><ref name="viewers">{{cite news | author = Chaundy, Bob | title = Faces of the Week | archivedate = 2014-08-03 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140803042520/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | date = 2006-09-29 | accessdate = 2014-10-02}}</ref>。到了20世纪末，《蒙娜丽莎》已成为全球性的标志，出现在另外至少300幅画作和2000部广告中，平均每星期就会有相关的新广告面世<ref name="Sassoon-2001">{{cite journal | author = Sassoon, Donald | title = Mona Lisa: the Best-Known Girl in the Whole Wide World | journal = History Workshop Journal | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | volume = 2001 | issue = 51 | issn = 1477-4569 | accessdate = 2014-10-02 | url = http://hwj.oxfordjournals.org/content/2001/51/1.abstract | doi = 10.1093/hwj/2001.51.1 | archivedate = 2011-05-06 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110506020245/http://hwj.oxfordjournals.org/content/2001/51/1.abstract}}</ref>{{rp|16}}。

2005年，[[海德堡大学|海德堡大学图书馆]]的一位专家在图书馆收藏文献中发现由{{le|阿戈斯蒂诺·韦斯普奇|Agostino Vespucci}}在1503年所写的边注，其中确认画像中正坐的女士就是丽莎，达·芬奇当时正在为丽莎·德尔·焦孔多画像<ref name="subject" />。从16世纪[[弗朗索瓦一世 (法兰西)|弗朗索瓦一世]]拿到这幅画开始，《蒙娜丽莎》就一直由法国所有，[[法国大革命]]后成为法国人民的共同财产<ref name="Sassoon-2001" />{{rp|8}}，如今，这幅画已是法国国家收藏的一部分，存放在[[巴黎]]的[[卢浮宫]]，平均每年前来观赏的人数高达600万<ref name="viewers" /><ref>{{cite news | author = Canetti, Claudine | title = The world's most famous painting has the Louvre all aflutter | work = Actualité en France via French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (diplomatie.gouv.fr) | archivedate = 2011-06-29 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629055247/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/culture_1979/museums_4412/the-world-most-famous-painting-has-the-louvre-all-aflutter_6824.html | url = http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/culture_1979/museums_4412/the-world-most-famous-painting-has-the-louvre-all-aflutter_6824.html | date = undated | accessdate = 2011-06-29}}</ref>。

* {{cite web|title=Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003620/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |archivedate=2014-07-30 |url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo |publisher=Musée du Louvre |accessdate=2014-07-30 }}

{{refend}}