136,183
次編輯
變更
第一次十字军东征
,無編輯摘要
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'''第一次十字军东征'''(1096年-1099年)是由[[西方世界|西方]][[基督教世界]]所发起的一项军事行动,旨在收复[[穆斯林的征服]]中被占领的[[黎凡特]][[圣地]],最终以1099年[[耶路撒冷围城战 (1099年)|十字军攻陷耶路撒冷]]收尾。1095年,[[教宗乌尔巴诺二世]]最初为了应[[东罗马帝国]][[拜占庭皇帝列表|皇帝]][[阿历克塞一世|阿历克塞一世]]的求援,而号召西方志愿军前往[[拜占庭帝国]]抵御[[塞尔柱人]]从[[安那托利亚|安纳托利亚]]而来的入侵,此入侵可能是[[达尼什曼德王朝]],一个源自[[亚美尼亚]]的[[突厥化]]美尼亚裔伊斯兰国家,而[[土耳其人]]的民族主要来源可能就是自该国。后来,东征的目的逐渐演变为夺回圣地及[[耶路撒冷|耶路撒冷城]],并将[[东方基督教]]从[[伊斯兰教|伊斯兰]]的统治中解放出来。
; 主要网络资料
* Anselme of Ribemont, [https://web.archive.org/web/20041213174036/http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1stCrusade1.htm Anselme of Ribemont, Letter to Manasses II, Archbishop of Reims] (1098)
* Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, [http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1stcrusade2.html Letter to his wife, Adele] {{Wayback|url= http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1stcrusade2.html |date=20041208230436 }} (1098)* Daimbert, Godfrey and Raymond, [http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1stcru3.html Letter to the Pope] {{Wayback|url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1stcru3.html |date=20041213174258 }} , (1099)* Peter the Hermit and the Popular Crusade: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/peterhermit.html Collected Accounts] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/peterhermit.html |date=20110430130514 }}.* The Crusaders Journey to Constantinople: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-tocp.html Collected Accounts] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-tocp.html |date=20121002120854 }}.* The Crusaders at Constantinople: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-atcp.html Collected Accounts] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-atcp.html |date=20120929191656 }}.* The Siege and Capture of Nicea: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-nicea.html Collected Accounts] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-nicea.html |date=20121004131553 }}.* The Siege and Capture of Antioch: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-antioch.html Collected Accounts] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-antioch.html |date=20120728072709 }}.* The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html Collected Accounts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html |date=20120805121807 }}.* Fulcher of Chartres: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/fulk2.html The Capture of Jerusalem] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/fulk2.html |date=20120726134734 }}, 1099.* Ekkehard of Aura: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ekkehard-aur1.html On the Opening of the First Crusade] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ekkehard-aur1.html |date=20120726132802 }}.* Albert of Aix and Ekkehard of Aura: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews.html Emico and the Slaughter of the Rhineland Jews] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews.html |date=20120805121449 }}.* Soloman bar Samson: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews-mainz.html The Crusaders in Mainz] {{Wayback|url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews-mainz.html |date=20120818075012 }}, attacks on Rhineland Jewry.* Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106): [http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/447/texts/Sulami.html Kitab al-Jihad] {{Wayback|url= http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/447/texts/Sulami.html |date=20120717021151 }} (extracts). First known Islamic discussion of the concept of ''jihad'' written in the aftermath of the First Crusade.
; 其他参考文献
* {{Cite book |last=Vryonis |first=Speros |title=Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization in the Eleventh through Fifteenth Centuries |publisher=University of California Press |year=1971 |isbn=0-520-01597-5 |ref=harv}}
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[[Category:200 宗教总论]]