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本·巴雷斯
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'''本·巴雷斯'''({{lang|en|Ben A. Barres}},{{bd|1954年|9月13日|2017年|12月27日}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/12/neuroscientist-ben-barres-dies-at-63.html|title=Neuroscientist Ben Barres, who identified crucial roles of glial cells, dies at 63|website=News Center|access-date=2017-12-28|archive-date=2017-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228022500/http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/12/neuroscientist-ben-barres-dies-at-63.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>是美國[[史丹佛大學]]的[[神經生物學|神經生物學家]]<ref name=stanford>{{cite web|title=Ben Barres Professor of Neurobiology, of Developmental Biology and of Neurology|url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/ben-barres?tab=bio|publisher=Stanford School o0f Medicine|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052541/https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/ben-barres?tab=bio|archive-date=2014-10-18}}</ref> 。他的研究集中於 [[神經系統]]中[[神經元]]與[[神經膠質細胞]]間的交互作用。從2008年開始,他擔任[[斯坦福医学院|史丹佛大學醫學院]]神經生物學系系主任。他於1997年成為一位[[跨性別男性]],並於2013年成為[[美国国家科学院|美國國家科學院]]第一位公開轉性的科學家。<ref name=trans>{{Cite web|title=Distinction with a difference: Transgender neurobiologist picked for National Academy of Science membership|url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2013/05/08/distinction-with-a-difference-transgendered-neurobiologist-picked-for-national-academy-of-science-membership/|last=Goldman|first=Bruce|date=2013-05-08|website=Scope|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616130852/https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2013/05/08/distinction-with-a-difference-transgendered-neurobiologist-picked-for-national-academy-of-science-membership/|archive-date=2013-06-16|access-date=2020-05-06|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== 早期生活與教育 ==
巴雷斯於1954年9月13日出生在美國[[西奥兰治 (新泽西州)|新澤西州的西奧蘭治]](West Orange),出生時[[性別指定|性別為女性]],被父母命名為芭芭拉。小時候,他的推銷員父親和身為家庭主婦的母親認為他的個性像是一個小男生。<ref name="DM">{{cite web|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/the-brain-of-ben-barres|title=The Brain of Ben Barres|author=Miller, Kenneth|date=7 August 2017|publisher=Discover Magazine}}{{Dead link}}</ref> 後來,他上了一所位於西奧蘭治的學校,在數學和科學方面表現出色,並使他的八年級老師杰夫瑞·戴維斯對他留下深刻的印象。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krattenmaker|first1=Tom|title=The Highest Art|url=http://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_old/PAW98-99/11-0310/0310feat.html|publisher=Princeton University|access-date=12 October 2014|date=10 March 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124837/http://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_old/PAW98-99/11-0310/0310feat.html|archive-date=2015-09-24|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="travis">{{cite web|title=A Conversation with Dr. Ben Barres|url= http://www.travisroyfoundation.org/sci/research/researchers/a-conversation-with-dr-ben-barres/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906070735/http://www.travisroyfoundation.org/sci/research/researchers/a-conversation-with-dr-ben-barres/|archive-date=2015-09-06|publisher=The Travis Roy Foundation|access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> 他先於1976年獲得[[麻省理工學院]]的生物學[[學士學位]],於1979年獲得了{{tsl|en|Geisel School of Medicine||達特默斯醫學院}}的醫學學位(MD),並在[[威尔康奈尔医学院|威爾·康奈爾醫學學院]]進行住院醫師的訓練。<ref name="MS" /> 在住院醫師訓練期間,巴雷斯發現一般人缺乏關於[[神經退化障礙|神經退行性變]]的原因與治療方法的知識。研究病理學報告時,他注意到神經退行性變與大腦中[[神經膠質細胞]]間不規則排列方式的相關性,並引起了他的興趣,為此他辭去了[[哈佛大学|哈佛]]神經科學研究的工作。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Talan|first=Jamie|date=February 2018|title=Neuroscientist Ben Barres, MD, PhD, Dies|journal=Neurology Today|volume=18|issue=3|pages=23–24|doi=10.1097/01.nt.0000530605.40427.0b|issn=1533-7006}}</ref> 他於1990年獲得了神經生物學[[哲學博士|博士學位]],然後在[[伦敦大学学院|倫敦大學學院]]的{{tsl|en|Martin Raff||馬丁·拉夫}}(Martin Raff)那裏進行[[博士後]]培訓 。<ref name="bio">NIH, (Oct. 2008). [http://www.nei.nih.gov/strategicplanning/barres.asp Ben A. Barres, M.D., Ph.D.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320202515/http://www.nei.nih.gov/strategicplanning/barres.asp |date=2011-03-20 }}</ref>1993年,巴雷斯進入了史丹佛醫學院神經生物學系。在1997年轉為男性後<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waldrop|first=M. Mitchell|date=2014-09-18|title=Diversity: Pride in science|journal=Nature News|language=en|volume=513|issue=7518|pages=297|doi=10.1038/513297a}}</ref>,巴雷斯發表了在科學領域中所發生關於[[性別歧視]]的文章,並於2008年被任命為史丹佛大學[[神經生物學]]系主任。<ref name=stanford />
==研究==
巴雷斯在許多的期刊上發表自撰或與他人共同撰寫的論文,著作見諸《[[自然-神经科学|自然-神經科學]]》、《{{tsl|en|Neuron (journal)||神經元}}》、《[[科学 (期刊)|科學]]》、以及《[[細胞 (期刊)|細胞]]》等期刊<ref name="babn">{{Cite web|url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/ben-barres?tab=publications|title=Ben Barres|website=med.stanford.edu|access-date=2017-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702002144/https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/ben-barres?tab=publications|archive-date=2016-07-02}}</ref>。他的研究涉及對哺乳類動物神經膠質細胞的[[中樞神經系統]]研究,包括其功能和發育的探索。
他的一些早期工作研究了脊椎動物神經系統的發育,包括為什麼它們的許多神經元在與它們的目標形成連接後很快就死亡以及它們為何無法生存。這些研究顯示為何這些細胞的程式性死亡(PCD)、 [[细胞凋亡|凋亡]]、會以如此巨大的規模發生。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raff|first=Martin C.|date=October 1993|title=Programmed Cell Death and the Control of Cell Survival: Lessons from the Nervous System|url=|journal=Science|volume=262|issue=5134|pages=695–700|doi=10.1126/science.8235590}}</ref> 此外,他的研究流程,像是軸突[[髓磷脂|髓鞘形成]]的先决条件及其后果和包括[[寡突膠質細胞]]在內的神經膠質細胞形成過程中各種信號分子如[[甲状腺激素|甲狀腺激素]]和 {{tsl|en|retinoic acid||視黃酸}}的相互作用。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Axon myelination. Myelination without myelin-associated glycoprotein.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|last=Barres|first=Ben|date=Sep 1994|journal=Curr. Biol.|issue=9|doi=10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00190-1|volume=4|pages=847–850|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229183102/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetaminophen|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A novel role for thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid in timing oligodendrocyte development.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|last=|first=|date=May 1994|journal=Development|volume=120|pages=1097–1108|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229183102/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetaminophen|dead-url=no}}</ref>
在史丹佛大學的早期,巴雷斯發現神經膠質細胞在神經元的形成,發育,成熟和再生中的重要性。{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} 他的實驗室還發現並開發了用於純化和培養視網膜神經節細胞和與其相互作用的神經膠質細胞的方法,包括視神經的寡突膠質細胞和星形膠質細胞。{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
當21世紀即將來臨之際,他繼續研究神經膠質細胞及其產生新神經元的能力背後的機制。他研究了神經膠質細胞對突觸的控制以及[[內皮|內皮細胞]]對[[星形膠質細胞]]的分化。 他研究了{{tsl|en|ID2||Id2}}蛋白在控制寡突膠質細胞發育中的作用,並確定去除該蛋白會導致寡突膠質細胞過早的成熟。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Songli|last2=Sdrulla|first2=Andrei|last3=Johnson|first3=Jane|date=March 2001|title=A role for the helix-loop-helix protein Id2 in the control of oligodendrocyte development.|url=|journal=Neuron|volume=29|issue=3|pages=603–614|doi=10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00237-9}}</ref>
在2010年代,巴雷斯的研究重點有四個,第一是使用免疫淘選(immunopanning),[[免疫組織化學染色法]](immunohistochemistry), 組織培養(tissue culturing), 和[[膜片鉗]](patch clamping)等技術以闡明[[蘭氏結]]和[[髓磷脂|髓鞘]]的發育調控中細胞間的相互作用;第二,確定[[神經膠質細胞]]在突觸形成和功能中發揮何種作用;第三,辨識促進[[视网膜|視網膜]]神經節生長和存活的信號,以及這些信號如何在創傷後重新生成;第四,確定灰質星狀[[神經膠質細胞|膠質細胞]]的功能和發育機制。 在這些目標中,他的實驗室發現了許多新的[[神經膠質細胞|神經膠質]]信號,用於誘導[[髓鞘]]形成,[[轴突|軸突]]鈉通道聚集和突觸形成過程。 此外,他的實驗室還對這些新信號的性質及成分進行分析。<ref name="babn" />
== 性別歧視的經歷 ==
巴雷斯曾敘述他在[[麻省理工学院|麻省理工學院]]所遭遇的[[性別歧視主義|性別歧視]]經歷。他曾在解決了一個困擾許多男性學生的數學難題後,被教授指責說是他的男友解決了這個問題<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barres|first=Ben A.|date=2006-07-12|title=Does gender matter?|journal=Nature|volume=442|issue=7099|pages=133–136|doi=10.1038/442133a|pmid=16848004}}</ref>。 他是班上最優秀的學生,但他發現找不太到願意指導他的教授<ref>{{cite news|last1=Begley|first1=Sharon|title=He, Once a She, Offers Own View On Science Spat|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115274744775305134|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[华尔街日报|The Wall Street Journal]]|date=13 July 2006|archive-date=2020-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321154226/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115274744775305134|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 在申請獎學金時,當時已有六篇著作巴雷斯,竟輸給一個只有一篇著作的男生。在哈佛大學就讀博士班期間,巴雷斯與另一名男學生角逐一場科學競賽。院長私下對他說:“我已經看過你們兩個的履歷,你肯定得獎的;你的申請內容優秀太多了。”然而最後,該獎項卻授予另一名男子,但一年後,該名男子便淡出學界<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dean|first1=Cornelia|title=Dismissing ‘Sexist Opinions’ About Women’s Place in Science|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/science/18conv.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[纽约时报|The New York Times]]|date=18 July 2006|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133430/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/science/18conv.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
在轉換性別後,巴雷斯曾察覺到某些未曾注意到關於他性別定位的人,相對於他的女性身分時,通常給他更高的尊重與評價。<ref name="vedantam">{{cite news|last1=Vedantam|first1=Shankar|title=Male Scientist Writes of Life as Female Scientist|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/12/AR2006071201883.html|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[华盛顿邮报|The Washington Post]]|date=13 July 2003|archive-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211025838/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/12/AR2006071201883.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> 當巴雷斯第一次以男性身份完成一場講座活動後,某名學者的談話曾無意間被聽到:「我認為巴雷斯今天的內容非常出色,比他妹妹講的好得太多了。(編:由於這位學者將他誤認)」<ref>{{cite news|title=Transgender Experience Led Stanford Scientist To Critique Gender Difference|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060714174545.htm|access-date=11 October 2014|work=ScienceDaily|date=14 July 2006|archive-date=2020-02-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229163411/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060714174545.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> 2012年,當他回想起自己做出性別轉換的決定時,他曾發表以下內容:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maddox|first1=Sam|title=Barres Elected To National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www.spinalcordinjury-paralysis.org/blogs/18/1601|publisher=Reeve Foundation|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016130746/http://www.spinalcordinjury-paralysis.org/blogs/18/1601|archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
{{quote|text =在十五年前,當我做出轉換性別的決定時,那時我毫無任何參考的對象或目標。那時我以為只能在性別認同和職業生涯當中選擇其一。當我做出性別轉換的決定時,我以為我的職業生涯也許即將畫上句點。此外當時我所認真考慮過的另一個選項,其實是了結自己的生命。因為我感覺無法再以芭芭拉的身份繼續下去我的人生了。}}
巴雷斯對經濟學家<bdi>[[勞倫斯·薩默斯]]</bdi>等人持批評態度,因為這些人聲稱,在科學和工程學教授職位中,女性人數少於男性的一個原因可能是此類工作需具備很高的「內在才能」,而擁有此特質的女性人數少於男性。<ref name="vedantam" /> 他公開發表演講,講述有關他成為[[跨性別男性]]以及他在1997年轉變[[性別認同]]的經歷,還有他身為男性科學家和女性科學家所遭遇的差別對待<ref>Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner (2009) [[超级魔鬼经济学|SuperFreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance]] p.47</ref><ref name="begley">{{Cite news|last=Begley|first=Sharon|date=2006-07-13|title=He, Once a She, Offers Own View On Science Spat|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115274744775305134|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=2020-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507090645/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115274744775305134|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
== 逝世 ==
在被診斷出患有[[胰腺癌]]約20個月後,巴雷斯於2017年12月27日在其位於加州[[帕羅奧圖|帕洛阿爾託]](Palo Alto, California)的家中去世。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2017/12/27/passing-of-a-comet-stanford-neuroscientist-ben-barres-dies-at-age-63/|author=Goldman, Bruce|title=Passing of a comet: Stanford neuroscientist Ben Barres dies at age 63|publisher=Stanford Medicine|date=27 December 2017|accessdate=2019-09-28|archive-date=2019-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722162923/http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2017/12/27/passing-of-a-comet-stanford-neuroscientist-ben-barres-dies-at-age-63/|dead-url=no}}</ref>巴雷斯的手足當中有他的姐妹珍妮(Jeanne)和佩吉(Peggy),以及哥哥唐納德(Donald)還活著。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/29/obituaries/ben-barres-dead-neuroscientist-and-equal-opportunity-advocate.html|title=Ben Barres, Neuroscientist and Equal-Opportunity Advocate, Dies at 63|work=The New York Times|date=29 December 2017|author=Genzlinger, Neil|accessdate=2019-09-28|archive-date=2019-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801115119/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/29/obituaries/ben-barres-dead-neuroscientist-and-equal-opportunity-advocate.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="MS">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ben-barres-transgender-brain-researcher-and-advocate-of-diversity-in-science-dies-at-63/2017/12/30/3b697cba-ebea-11e7-9f92-10a2203f6c8d_story.html|title=Ben Barres, transgender brain researcher and advocate of diversity in science, dies at 63|author=Schudel, Matt|date=30 December 2017|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=2020-05-08|archive-date=2018-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615113052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ben-barres-transgender-brain-researcher-and-advocate-of-diversity-in-science-dies-at-63/2017/12/30/3b697cba-ebea-11e7-9f92-10a2203f6c8d_story.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== 獎項與榮譽 ==
巴雷斯的研究獎項包括生命科學研究獎,克林根斯坦獎學金(Klingenstein Fellowship Award),麥克奈特研究人員獎(McKnight Investigator Award),<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v0Sn0jB9QwIC&pg=PA77 |title = Research Funding in Neuroscience: A Profile of the McKnight Endowment Fund|last = Strobel|first = Gabrielle|publisher = Academic Press|pages = 77–|year = 2010|isbn = 9780080466538}}</ref> 和塞爾學者獎(Searle Scholar Award)。
他還獲得了教師獎:Kaiser傑出教師獎,以表彰其對醫學教育的創新和傑出貢獻。2008年,他獲得了Mika Salpeter終身成就獎。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bates|first1=Mary|title=Ben Barres: Glial Detective|url=https://www.brainfacts.org/Archives/2013/Ben-Barres-Glial-Detective|website=BrainFacts.org|publisher=Society for Neuroscience|date=27 February 2013}}</ref>
他是里夫基金會脊髓損傷國際研究聯盟(Reeve Foundation International Research Consortium)的成員。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maddox|first1=Sam|title=Stanford Scientist Ben Barres Joins Reeve Research Consortium|url=http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.ddJFKRNoFiG/b.8013239/k.C2E3/Stanford_Scientist_Ben_Barres_Joins_Reeve_Research_Consortium.htm|publisher=Reev Foundation.|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122170802/http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.ddJFKRNoFiG/b.8013239/k.C2E3/Stanford_Scientist_Ben_Barres_Joins_Reeve_Research_Consortium.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
他是Annexon生物科學公司的聯合創始人,這是一家製造減緩[[阿茲海默症|老年癡呆症]]和其他[[神经系统疾病|神經系統疾病]]藥物的公司。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annexon Biosciences Closes $44 Million Series B Financing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160623005056/en/Annexon-Biosciences-Closes-44-Million-Series-Financing|date=2016-06-23|website=businesswire|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707211959/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160623005056/en/Annexon-Biosciences-Closes-44-Million-Series-Financing|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-05-06|dead-url=no}}</ref>
他是2011年[[美國科學促進會|美國科學促進協會]]的成員並當選為院士。<ref>{{cite web|last1=AAAS staff|title=AAAS Members Elected as Fellows|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-members-elected-fellows|publisher=AAAS|access-date=12 October 2014|date=6 December 2011|archive-date=2019-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714023721/https://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-members-elected-fellows|dead-url=no}}</ref>
2013年,他當選為[[美国国家科学院|美國國家科學院]]院士,<ref>{{cite web|title=National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2013_04_30_NAS_Election.html|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403120914/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2013_04_30_NAS_Election.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>並成為首位公開變性人。<ref name="trans" />
他與生物化學家湯姆·傑西爾(Tom Jessell)一起在[[圣迭戈 (加利福尼亚州)|聖地牙哥]]舉行的2016年神經科學學會(Society for Neuroscience,SfN)會議上被授予拉爾夫·W·杰拉德神經科學獎(Ralph W. Gerard Prize)。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Barres and Thomas Jessell Receive the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience|url=https://www.sfn.org/publications/latest-news/2016/11/08/ralph-w-gerard-prize-in-neuroscience|accessdate=2020-01-07|work=www.sfn.org|language=en}}</ref>
== 參考書目 ==
*{{cite journal|last1=Knowland|first1=Daniel|last2=Arac|first2=Ahmet|last3=Sekiguchi|first3=Kohei J.|last4=Hsu|first4=Martin|last5=Lutz|first5=Sarah E.|last6=Perrino|first6=John|last7=Steinberg|first7=Gary K.|last8=Barres|first8=Ben A.|last9=Nimmerjahn|first9=Axel|last10=Agalliu|first10=Dritan|title=Stepwise Recruitment of Transcellular and Paracellular Pathways Underlies Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Stroke|journal=Neuron|year=2014|volume=82|issue=3|pages=603–617|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.003|pmid=24746419|pmc=4016169}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barres|first1=Ben A.|title=How to Pick a Graduate Advisor|journal=Neuron|date=2013|volume=80|issue=2|pages=275–279|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.005}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Schafer|first1=Dorothy P.|last2=Lehrman|first2=Emily K.|last3=Kautzman|first3=Amanda G.|last4=Koyama|first4=Ryuta|last5=Mardinly|first5=Alan R.|last6=Yamasaki|first6=Ryo|last7=Ransohoff|first7=Richard M.|last8=Greenberg|first8=Michael E.|last9=Barres|first9=Ben A.|last10=Stevens|first10=Beth|title=Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner|journal=Neuron|year=2012|volume=74|issue=4|pages=691–705|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026|pmid=22632727|pmc=3528177}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Foo|first1=Lynette C.|last2=Allen|first2=Nicola J.|last3=Bushong|first3=Eric A.|last4=Ventura|first4=P. Britten|last5=Chung|first5=Won-Suk|last6=Zhou|first6=Lu|last7=Cahoy|first7=John D.|last8=Daneman|first8=Richard|last9=Zong|first9=Hui|last10=Ellisman|first10=Mark H.|last11=Barres|first11=Ben A.|title=Development of a Method for the Purification and Culture of Rodent Astrocytes|journal=Neuron|year=2011|volume=71|issue=5|pages=799–811|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.022|pmid=21903074|pmc=3172573}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Dugas|first1=Jason C.|last2=Cuellar|first2=Trinna L.|last3=Scholze|first3=Anja|last4=Ason|first4=Brandon|last5=Ibrahim|first5=Adiljan|last6=Emery|first6=Ben|last7=Zamanian|first7=Jennifer L.|last8=Foo|first8=Lynette C.|last9=McManus|first9=Michael T.|last10=Barres|first10=Ben A.|title=Dicer1 and miR-219 Are Required for Normal Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination|journal=Neuron|year=2010|volume=65|issue=5|pages=597–611|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.027|pmid=20223197|pmc=2843397}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barres|first1=Ben A.|title=Neuro Nonsense|journal=PLoS Biology|year= 2010|volume=8|issue=12|pages=e1001005|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001005|pmc=3001899}}
* {{cite journal|last=Barres|first=B|year=2008|title=The Mystery and Magic of Glia: A Perspective on Their Roles in Health and Disease|journal=Neuron|volume=60|issue=3|pages=430–440|issn=0896-6273|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.013|pmid=18995817}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barres|first1=Ben A.|title=Does gender matter?|journal=Nature|year=2006|volume=442|issue=7099|pages=133–136|doi=10.1038/442133a|pmid=16848004}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barres|first1=BA|title=Arrogance imperils plans for change at Harvard.|journal=Nature|date=2005|volume=434|issue=7034|pages=697|pmid=15815603|doi=10.1038/434697a}}
* {{cite journal|last=Barres|first=Ben A|author2=Yves-Alain Barde|year=2000|title=Neuronal and glial cell biology|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|volume=10|issue=5|pages=642–648|issn=0959-4388|doi=10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00134-3}}
==參見==
* 明德效應(Matilda effect)
== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== 外部鏈接 ==
* {{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5La-ZPjJdM |title= Some Reflections on the Dearth of Women in Science |work= Talk |location= Fong Auditorium, Boylston Hall, Harvard |date= Mar 17, 2008 |format= Video |accessdate= 2019-09-28 |archive-date= 2019-05-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190523141836/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5La-ZPjJdM |dead-url= no }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.webofstories.com/story/search?q=ben+barres |title= Ben Barres |quote= Tells his life story |publisher= {{tsl|en|Web of Stories||Web of Stories}} |accessdate= 2019-09-28 |archive-date= 2017-12-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081512/https://www.webofstories.com/story/search?q=ben+barres |dead-url= no }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/ben-barres-pick-graduate-advisor.html |title= How to Pick a Graduate Advisor |format= Video |publisher= iBiology magazine |date= 2014 |quote= Ben Barres gives advice on how to pick a graduate advisor. He strongly suggests picking an advisor who is not only a good scientist, but also a good mentor. In this talk, he describes a mentor’s qualities and attributes, and gives suggestions on how to identify an advisor who will be a good mentor. |accessdate= 2019-09-28 |archive-date= 2017-07-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170702053044/https://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/ben-barres-pick-graduate-advisor.html |dead-url= no }}
! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> '''本·巴雷斯''' </p>
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|<center><img src="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/imageserver/image/%2Fmethode%2Fsundaytimes%2Fprod%2Fweb%2Fbin%2F133ae3dc-4a22-11e8-864f-5f6f2d0ffcbf.jpg?crop=2667%2C1500%2C0%2C0&resize=1180" width="280"></center><small>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/barbara-became-ben-and-suddenly-brilliant-s5027jcdt 圖片來自thetimes]
</small>
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'''本·巴雷斯'''({{lang|en|Ben A. Barres}},{{bd|1954年|9月13日|2017年|12月27日}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/12/neuroscientist-ben-barres-dies-at-63.html|title=Neuroscientist Ben Barres, who identified crucial roles of glial cells, dies at 63|website=News Center|access-date=2017-12-28|archive-date=2017-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228022500/http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/12/neuroscientist-ben-barres-dies-at-63.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>是美國[[史丹佛大學]]的[[神經生物學|神經生物學家]]<ref name=stanford>{{cite web|title=Ben Barres Professor of Neurobiology, of Developmental Biology and of Neurology|url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/ben-barres?tab=bio|publisher=Stanford School o0f Medicine|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052541/https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/ben-barres?tab=bio|archive-date=2014-10-18}}</ref> 。他的研究集中於 [[神經系統]]中[[神經元]]與[[神經膠質細胞]]間的交互作用。從2008年開始,他擔任[[斯坦福医学院|史丹佛大學醫學院]]神經生物學系系主任。他於1997年成為一位[[跨性別男性]],並於2013年成為[[美国国家科学院|美國國家科學院]]第一位公開轉性的科學家。<ref name=trans>{{Cite web|title=Distinction with a difference: Transgender neurobiologist picked for National Academy of Science membership|url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2013/05/08/distinction-with-a-difference-transgendered-neurobiologist-picked-for-national-academy-of-science-membership/|last=Goldman|first=Bruce|date=2013-05-08|website=Scope|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616130852/https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2013/05/08/distinction-with-a-difference-transgendered-neurobiologist-picked-for-national-academy-of-science-membership/|archive-date=2013-06-16|access-date=2020-05-06|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== 早期生活與教育 ==
巴雷斯於1954年9月13日出生在美國[[西奥兰治 (新泽西州)|新澤西州的西奧蘭治]](West Orange),出生時[[性別指定|性別為女性]],被父母命名為芭芭拉。小時候,他的推銷員父親和身為家庭主婦的母親認為他的個性像是一個小男生。<ref name="DM">{{cite web|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/the-brain-of-ben-barres|title=The Brain of Ben Barres|author=Miller, Kenneth|date=7 August 2017|publisher=Discover Magazine}}{{Dead link}}</ref> 後來,他上了一所位於西奧蘭治的學校,在數學和科學方面表現出色,並使他的八年級老師杰夫瑞·戴維斯對他留下深刻的印象。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krattenmaker|first1=Tom|title=The Highest Art|url=http://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_old/PAW98-99/11-0310/0310feat.html|publisher=Princeton University|access-date=12 October 2014|date=10 March 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124837/http://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_old/PAW98-99/11-0310/0310feat.html|archive-date=2015-09-24|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="travis">{{cite web|title=A Conversation with Dr. Ben Barres|url= http://www.travisroyfoundation.org/sci/research/researchers/a-conversation-with-dr-ben-barres/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906070735/http://www.travisroyfoundation.org/sci/research/researchers/a-conversation-with-dr-ben-barres/|archive-date=2015-09-06|publisher=The Travis Roy Foundation|access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> 他先於1976年獲得[[麻省理工學院]]的生物學[[學士學位]],於1979年獲得了{{tsl|en|Geisel School of Medicine||達特默斯醫學院}}的醫學學位(MD),並在[[威尔康奈尔医学院|威爾·康奈爾醫學學院]]進行住院醫師的訓練。<ref name="MS" /> 在住院醫師訓練期間,巴雷斯發現一般人缺乏關於[[神經退化障礙|神經退行性變]]的原因與治療方法的知識。研究病理學報告時,他注意到神經退行性變與大腦中[[神經膠質細胞]]間不規則排列方式的相關性,並引起了他的興趣,為此他辭去了[[哈佛大学|哈佛]]神經科學研究的工作。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Talan|first=Jamie|date=February 2018|title=Neuroscientist Ben Barres, MD, PhD, Dies|journal=Neurology Today|volume=18|issue=3|pages=23–24|doi=10.1097/01.nt.0000530605.40427.0b|issn=1533-7006}}</ref> 他於1990年獲得了神經生物學[[哲學博士|博士學位]],然後在[[伦敦大学学院|倫敦大學學院]]的{{tsl|en|Martin Raff||馬丁·拉夫}}(Martin Raff)那裏進行[[博士後]]培訓 。<ref name="bio">NIH, (Oct. 2008). [http://www.nei.nih.gov/strategicplanning/barres.asp Ben A. Barres, M.D., Ph.D.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320202515/http://www.nei.nih.gov/strategicplanning/barres.asp |date=2011-03-20 }}</ref>1993年,巴雷斯進入了史丹佛醫學院神經生物學系。在1997年轉為男性後<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waldrop|first=M. Mitchell|date=2014-09-18|title=Diversity: Pride in science|journal=Nature News|language=en|volume=513|issue=7518|pages=297|doi=10.1038/513297a}}</ref>,巴雷斯發表了在科學領域中所發生關於[[性別歧視]]的文章,並於2008年被任命為史丹佛大學[[神經生物學]]系主任。<ref name=stanford />
==研究==
巴雷斯在許多的期刊上發表自撰或與他人共同撰寫的論文,著作見諸《[[自然-神经科学|自然-神經科學]]》、《{{tsl|en|Neuron (journal)||神經元}}》、《[[科学 (期刊)|科學]]》、以及《[[細胞 (期刊)|細胞]]》等期刊<ref name="babn">{{Cite web|url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/ben-barres?tab=publications|title=Ben Barres|website=med.stanford.edu|access-date=2017-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702002144/https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/ben-barres?tab=publications|archive-date=2016-07-02}}</ref>。他的研究涉及對哺乳類動物神經膠質細胞的[[中樞神經系統]]研究,包括其功能和發育的探索。
他的一些早期工作研究了脊椎動物神經系統的發育,包括為什麼它們的許多神經元在與它們的目標形成連接後很快就死亡以及它們為何無法生存。這些研究顯示為何這些細胞的程式性死亡(PCD)、 [[细胞凋亡|凋亡]]、會以如此巨大的規模發生。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raff|first=Martin C.|date=October 1993|title=Programmed Cell Death and the Control of Cell Survival: Lessons from the Nervous System|url=|journal=Science|volume=262|issue=5134|pages=695–700|doi=10.1126/science.8235590}}</ref> 此外,他的研究流程,像是軸突[[髓磷脂|髓鞘形成]]的先决条件及其后果和包括[[寡突膠質細胞]]在內的神經膠質細胞形成過程中各種信號分子如[[甲状腺激素|甲狀腺激素]]和 {{tsl|en|retinoic acid||視黃酸}}的相互作用。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Axon myelination. Myelination without myelin-associated glycoprotein.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|last=Barres|first=Ben|date=Sep 1994|journal=Curr. Biol.|issue=9|doi=10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00190-1|volume=4|pages=847–850|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229183102/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetaminophen|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A novel role for thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid in timing oligodendrocyte development.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|last=|first=|date=May 1994|journal=Development|volume=120|pages=1097–1108|access-date=2020-10-12|archive-date=2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229183102/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetaminophen|dead-url=no}}</ref>
在史丹佛大學的早期,巴雷斯發現神經膠質細胞在神經元的形成,發育,成熟和再生中的重要性。{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} 他的實驗室還發現並開發了用於純化和培養視網膜神經節細胞和與其相互作用的神經膠質細胞的方法,包括視神經的寡突膠質細胞和星形膠質細胞。{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}
當21世紀即將來臨之際,他繼續研究神經膠質細胞及其產生新神經元的能力背後的機制。他研究了神經膠質細胞對突觸的控制以及[[內皮|內皮細胞]]對[[星形膠質細胞]]的分化。 他研究了{{tsl|en|ID2||Id2}}蛋白在控制寡突膠質細胞發育中的作用,並確定去除該蛋白會導致寡突膠質細胞過早的成熟。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Songli|last2=Sdrulla|first2=Andrei|last3=Johnson|first3=Jane|date=March 2001|title=A role for the helix-loop-helix protein Id2 in the control of oligodendrocyte development.|url=|journal=Neuron|volume=29|issue=3|pages=603–614|doi=10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00237-9}}</ref>
在2010年代,巴雷斯的研究重點有四個,第一是使用免疫淘選(immunopanning),[[免疫組織化學染色法]](immunohistochemistry), 組織培養(tissue culturing), 和[[膜片鉗]](patch clamping)等技術以闡明[[蘭氏結]]和[[髓磷脂|髓鞘]]的發育調控中細胞間的相互作用;第二,確定[[神經膠質細胞]]在突觸形成和功能中發揮何種作用;第三,辨識促進[[视网膜|視網膜]]神經節生長和存活的信號,以及這些信號如何在創傷後重新生成;第四,確定灰質星狀[[神經膠質細胞|膠質細胞]]的功能和發育機制。 在這些目標中,他的實驗室發現了許多新的[[神經膠質細胞|神經膠質]]信號,用於誘導[[髓鞘]]形成,[[轴突|軸突]]鈉通道聚集和突觸形成過程。 此外,他的實驗室還對這些新信號的性質及成分進行分析。<ref name="babn" />
== 性別歧視的經歷 ==
巴雷斯曾敘述他在[[麻省理工学院|麻省理工學院]]所遭遇的[[性別歧視主義|性別歧視]]經歷。他曾在解決了一個困擾許多男性學生的數學難題後,被教授指責說是他的男友解決了這個問題<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barres|first=Ben A.|date=2006-07-12|title=Does gender matter?|journal=Nature|volume=442|issue=7099|pages=133–136|doi=10.1038/442133a|pmid=16848004}}</ref>。 他是班上最優秀的學生,但他發現找不太到願意指導他的教授<ref>{{cite news|last1=Begley|first1=Sharon|title=He, Once a She, Offers Own View On Science Spat|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115274744775305134|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[华尔街日报|The Wall Street Journal]]|date=13 July 2006|archive-date=2020-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321154226/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115274744775305134|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 在申請獎學金時,當時已有六篇著作巴雷斯,竟輸給一個只有一篇著作的男生。在哈佛大學就讀博士班期間,巴雷斯與另一名男學生角逐一場科學競賽。院長私下對他說:“我已經看過你們兩個的履歷,你肯定得獎的;你的申請內容優秀太多了。”然而最後,該獎項卻授予另一名男子,但一年後,該名男子便淡出學界<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dean|first1=Cornelia|title=Dismissing ‘Sexist Opinions’ About Women’s Place in Science|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/science/18conv.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[纽约时报|The New York Times]]|date=18 July 2006|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133430/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/science/18conv.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
在轉換性別後,巴雷斯曾察覺到某些未曾注意到關於他性別定位的人,相對於他的女性身分時,通常給他更高的尊重與評價。<ref name="vedantam">{{cite news|last1=Vedantam|first1=Shankar|title=Male Scientist Writes of Life as Female Scientist|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/12/AR2006071201883.html|access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[华盛顿邮报|The Washington Post]]|date=13 July 2003|archive-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211025838/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/12/AR2006071201883.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> 當巴雷斯第一次以男性身份完成一場講座活動後,某名學者的談話曾無意間被聽到:「我認為巴雷斯今天的內容非常出色,比他妹妹講的好得太多了。(編:由於這位學者將他誤認)」<ref>{{cite news|title=Transgender Experience Led Stanford Scientist To Critique Gender Difference|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060714174545.htm|access-date=11 October 2014|work=ScienceDaily|date=14 July 2006|archive-date=2020-02-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229163411/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060714174545.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> 2012年,當他回想起自己做出性別轉換的決定時,他曾發表以下內容:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maddox|first1=Sam|title=Barres Elected To National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www.spinalcordinjury-paralysis.org/blogs/18/1601|publisher=Reeve Foundation|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016130746/http://www.spinalcordinjury-paralysis.org/blogs/18/1601|archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
{{quote|text =在十五年前,當我做出轉換性別的決定時,那時我毫無任何參考的對象或目標。那時我以為只能在性別認同和職業生涯當中選擇其一。當我做出性別轉換的決定時,我以為我的職業生涯也許即將畫上句點。此外當時我所認真考慮過的另一個選項,其實是了結自己的生命。因為我感覺無法再以芭芭拉的身份繼續下去我的人生了。}}
巴雷斯對經濟學家<bdi>[[勞倫斯·薩默斯]]</bdi>等人持批評態度,因為這些人聲稱,在科學和工程學教授職位中,女性人數少於男性的一個原因可能是此類工作需具備很高的「內在才能」,而擁有此特質的女性人數少於男性。<ref name="vedantam" /> 他公開發表演講,講述有關他成為[[跨性別男性]]以及他在1997年轉變[[性別認同]]的經歷,還有他身為男性科學家和女性科學家所遭遇的差別對待<ref>Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner (2009) [[超级魔鬼经济学|SuperFreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance]] p.47</ref><ref name="begley">{{Cite news|last=Begley|first=Sharon|date=2006-07-13|title=He, Once a She, Offers Own View On Science Spat|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115274744775305134|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=2020-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507090645/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115274744775305134|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
== 逝世 ==
在被診斷出患有[[胰腺癌]]約20個月後,巴雷斯於2017年12月27日在其位於加州[[帕羅奧圖|帕洛阿爾託]](Palo Alto, California)的家中去世。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2017/12/27/passing-of-a-comet-stanford-neuroscientist-ben-barres-dies-at-age-63/|author=Goldman, Bruce|title=Passing of a comet: Stanford neuroscientist Ben Barres dies at age 63|publisher=Stanford Medicine|date=27 December 2017|accessdate=2019-09-28|archive-date=2019-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722162923/http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2017/12/27/passing-of-a-comet-stanford-neuroscientist-ben-barres-dies-at-age-63/|dead-url=no}}</ref>巴雷斯的手足當中有他的姐妹珍妮(Jeanne)和佩吉(Peggy),以及哥哥唐納德(Donald)還活著。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/29/obituaries/ben-barres-dead-neuroscientist-and-equal-opportunity-advocate.html|title=Ben Barres, Neuroscientist and Equal-Opportunity Advocate, Dies at 63|work=The New York Times|date=29 December 2017|author=Genzlinger, Neil|accessdate=2019-09-28|archive-date=2019-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801115119/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/29/obituaries/ben-barres-dead-neuroscientist-and-equal-opportunity-advocate.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="MS">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ben-barres-transgender-brain-researcher-and-advocate-of-diversity-in-science-dies-at-63/2017/12/30/3b697cba-ebea-11e7-9f92-10a2203f6c8d_story.html|title=Ben Barres, transgender brain researcher and advocate of diversity in science, dies at 63|author=Schudel, Matt|date=30 December 2017|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=2020-05-08|archive-date=2018-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615113052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ben-barres-transgender-brain-researcher-and-advocate-of-diversity-in-science-dies-at-63/2017/12/30/3b697cba-ebea-11e7-9f92-10a2203f6c8d_story.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== 獎項與榮譽 ==
巴雷斯的研究獎項包括生命科學研究獎,克林根斯坦獎學金(Klingenstein Fellowship Award),麥克奈特研究人員獎(McKnight Investigator Award),<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v0Sn0jB9QwIC&pg=PA77 |title = Research Funding in Neuroscience: A Profile of the McKnight Endowment Fund|last = Strobel|first = Gabrielle|publisher = Academic Press|pages = 77–|year = 2010|isbn = 9780080466538}}</ref> 和塞爾學者獎(Searle Scholar Award)。
他還獲得了教師獎:Kaiser傑出教師獎,以表彰其對醫學教育的創新和傑出貢獻。2008年,他獲得了Mika Salpeter終身成就獎。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bates|first1=Mary|title=Ben Barres: Glial Detective|url=https://www.brainfacts.org/Archives/2013/Ben-Barres-Glial-Detective|website=BrainFacts.org|publisher=Society for Neuroscience|date=27 February 2013}}</ref>
他是里夫基金會脊髓損傷國際研究聯盟(Reeve Foundation International Research Consortium)的成員。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maddox|first1=Sam|title=Stanford Scientist Ben Barres Joins Reeve Research Consortium|url=http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.ddJFKRNoFiG/b.8013239/k.C2E3/Stanford_Scientist_Ben_Barres_Joins_Reeve_Research_Consortium.htm|publisher=Reev Foundation.|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122170802/http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.ddJFKRNoFiG/b.8013239/k.C2E3/Stanford_Scientist_Ben_Barres_Joins_Reeve_Research_Consortium.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
他是Annexon生物科學公司的聯合創始人,這是一家製造減緩[[阿茲海默症|老年癡呆症]]和其他[[神经系统疾病|神經系統疾病]]藥物的公司。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annexon Biosciences Closes $44 Million Series B Financing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160623005056/en/Annexon-Biosciences-Closes-44-Million-Series-Financing|date=2016-06-23|website=businesswire|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707211959/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160623005056/en/Annexon-Biosciences-Closes-44-Million-Series-Financing|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-05-06|dead-url=no}}</ref>
他是2011年[[美國科學促進會|美國科學促進協會]]的成員並當選為院士。<ref>{{cite web|last1=AAAS staff|title=AAAS Members Elected as Fellows|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-members-elected-fellows|publisher=AAAS|access-date=12 October 2014|date=6 December 2011|archive-date=2019-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714023721/https://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-members-elected-fellows|dead-url=no}}</ref>
2013年,他當選為[[美国国家科学院|美國國家科學院]]院士,<ref>{{cite web|title=National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2013_04_30_NAS_Election.html|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403120914/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2013_04_30_NAS_Election.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>並成為首位公開變性人。<ref name="trans" />
他與生物化學家湯姆·傑西爾(Tom Jessell)一起在[[圣迭戈 (加利福尼亚州)|聖地牙哥]]舉行的2016年神經科學學會(Society for Neuroscience,SfN)會議上被授予拉爾夫·W·杰拉德神經科學獎(Ralph W. Gerard Prize)。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Barres and Thomas Jessell Receive the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience|url=https://www.sfn.org/publications/latest-news/2016/11/08/ralph-w-gerard-prize-in-neuroscience|accessdate=2020-01-07|work=www.sfn.org|language=en}}</ref>
== 參考書目 ==
*{{cite journal|last1=Knowland|first1=Daniel|last2=Arac|first2=Ahmet|last3=Sekiguchi|first3=Kohei J.|last4=Hsu|first4=Martin|last5=Lutz|first5=Sarah E.|last6=Perrino|first6=John|last7=Steinberg|first7=Gary K.|last8=Barres|first8=Ben A.|last9=Nimmerjahn|first9=Axel|last10=Agalliu|first10=Dritan|title=Stepwise Recruitment of Transcellular and Paracellular Pathways Underlies Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Stroke|journal=Neuron|year=2014|volume=82|issue=3|pages=603–617|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.003|pmid=24746419|pmc=4016169}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barres|first1=Ben A.|title=How to Pick a Graduate Advisor|journal=Neuron|date=2013|volume=80|issue=2|pages=275–279|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.005}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Schafer|first1=Dorothy P.|last2=Lehrman|first2=Emily K.|last3=Kautzman|first3=Amanda G.|last4=Koyama|first4=Ryuta|last5=Mardinly|first5=Alan R.|last6=Yamasaki|first6=Ryo|last7=Ransohoff|first7=Richard M.|last8=Greenberg|first8=Michael E.|last9=Barres|first9=Ben A.|last10=Stevens|first10=Beth|title=Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner|journal=Neuron|year=2012|volume=74|issue=4|pages=691–705|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026|pmid=22632727|pmc=3528177}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Foo|first1=Lynette C.|last2=Allen|first2=Nicola J.|last3=Bushong|first3=Eric A.|last4=Ventura|first4=P. Britten|last5=Chung|first5=Won-Suk|last6=Zhou|first6=Lu|last7=Cahoy|first7=John D.|last8=Daneman|first8=Richard|last9=Zong|first9=Hui|last10=Ellisman|first10=Mark H.|last11=Barres|first11=Ben A.|title=Development of a Method for the Purification and Culture of Rodent Astrocytes|journal=Neuron|year=2011|volume=71|issue=5|pages=799–811|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.022|pmid=21903074|pmc=3172573}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Dugas|first1=Jason C.|last2=Cuellar|first2=Trinna L.|last3=Scholze|first3=Anja|last4=Ason|first4=Brandon|last5=Ibrahim|first5=Adiljan|last6=Emery|first6=Ben|last7=Zamanian|first7=Jennifer L.|last8=Foo|first8=Lynette C.|last9=McManus|first9=Michael T.|last10=Barres|first10=Ben A.|title=Dicer1 and miR-219 Are Required for Normal Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination|journal=Neuron|year=2010|volume=65|issue=5|pages=597–611|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.027|pmid=20223197|pmc=2843397}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barres|first1=Ben A.|title=Neuro Nonsense|journal=PLoS Biology|year= 2010|volume=8|issue=12|pages=e1001005|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001005|pmc=3001899}}
* {{cite journal|last=Barres|first=B|year=2008|title=The Mystery and Magic of Glia: A Perspective on Their Roles in Health and Disease|journal=Neuron|volume=60|issue=3|pages=430–440|issn=0896-6273|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.013|pmid=18995817}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barres|first1=Ben A.|title=Does gender matter?|journal=Nature|year=2006|volume=442|issue=7099|pages=133–136|doi=10.1038/442133a|pmid=16848004}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barres|first1=BA|title=Arrogance imperils plans for change at Harvard.|journal=Nature|date=2005|volume=434|issue=7034|pages=697|pmid=15815603|doi=10.1038/434697a}}
* {{cite journal|last=Barres|first=Ben A|author2=Yves-Alain Barde|year=2000|title=Neuronal and glial cell biology|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|volume=10|issue=5|pages=642–648|issn=0959-4388|doi=10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00134-3}}
==參見==
* 明德效應(Matilda effect)
== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== 外部鏈接 ==
* {{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5La-ZPjJdM |title= Some Reflections on the Dearth of Women in Science |work= Talk |location= Fong Auditorium, Boylston Hall, Harvard |date= Mar 17, 2008 |format= Video |accessdate= 2019-09-28 |archive-date= 2019-05-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190523141836/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5La-ZPjJdM |dead-url= no }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.webofstories.com/story/search?q=ben+barres |title= Ben Barres |quote= Tells his life story |publisher= {{tsl|en|Web of Stories||Web of Stories}} |accessdate= 2019-09-28 |archive-date= 2017-12-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081512/https://www.webofstories.com/story/search?q=ben+barres |dead-url= no }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/ben-barres-pick-graduate-advisor.html |title= How to Pick a Graduate Advisor |format= Video |publisher= iBiology magazine |date= 2014 |quote= Ben Barres gives advice on how to pick a graduate advisor. He strongly suggests picking an advisor who is not only a good scientist, but also a good mentor. In this talk, he describes a mentor’s qualities and attributes, and gives suggestions on how to identify an advisor who will be a good mentor. |accessdate= 2019-09-28 |archive-date= 2017-07-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170702053044/https://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/ben-barres-pick-graduate-advisor.html |dead-url= no }}