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! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> 約翰·曼尼 </p>
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|<center><img src="https://alchetron.com/cdn/john-money-399fad83-c092-49d6-80f6-c5091d3d0a5-resize-750.jpg" width="280" > </center>
<small>[https://alchetron.com/John-Money 圖片來自alchetron] <br>
'''出生''' 1921年7月8日<br>
'''逝世''' 2006年7月7日(85岁)<br>
'''母校''' [[哈佛大學]]<br>
'''研究領域 ''' 性向認同和人類性別分化<br>
'''專業領域''' 紐西蘭心理學家、性學家和作家<br>
</small>
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'''約翰·威廉·曼尼'''博士（'''John William Money''')，{{bd|1921年|7月8日|2006年|7月7日|Money}}），出生在[[紐西蘭]]摩林斯維的一個基督教[[友愛會]]的家庭，是一位紐西蘭[[心理學|心理學家]]、[[性學|性學家]]和[[作家]]，因其在[[性向認同]]和[[人类性别分化]]方面的研究而闻名，曼尼在其生涯內也創制了[[性別認同]]、[[性別角色]]和愛情地圖等不少重要的理論和專有名詞，亦是最早研究[[跨性别|性别流动]]和社会性别认同对个体的影响的心理学家之一。但近年来不少学术研究就其工作的多个方面（尤其是[[大卫·利马]]案例）对其加以批评。<ref name="diamond">Diamond M, Sigmundson HK (1997). Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications. ''Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine''. 1997 Mar; 151(3):298–304. {{PMID|9080940}}. [http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/mdfnl.html Full text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826205448/http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/mdfnl.html |date=2009-08-26 }}</ref>曼尼的著作已被翻译成多种语言，包括总计2000余篇的文章、书籍与评论。他一生中获得了约65个荣誉、奖项和学位。<ref name="John Money, Ph.D">{{cite journal|last1=Ehrhardt|first1=Anke A.|title=John Money, Ph.D.|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|date=August 2007|volume=44|issue=3|pages=223–224|jstor=20620298|doi=10.1080/00224490701580741}}</ref>
==生平==
1944年獲得[[惠靈頓]][[維多利亞大學]]心理學和教育學雙碩士學位。
1947年，在[[匹茲堡大學]]精神病研究所學習而移民到美國。他後來離開匹玆堡。
1950年短暫結婚，但無子女。<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carey |first1=Benedict |title=John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html |website=nytimes |accessdate=2018-07-03 |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629081416/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
1951年，曼尼开始担任[[約翰霍普金斯大學]][[兒科]]和[[醫療心理學]]的[[教授]]，直至過世。在那裡，他加入了研究变性手术的性别諮詢小組。在大卫·利马医疗案例中，男童大卫·利马因婴儿期包皮切割手术意外导致阴茎被毁，经过曼尼治疗后无果，最终自杀；而曼尼宣称其已成功将利马变性为女性。曼尼也因此次事件而为人所知。<ref>Duffy, J. (Winter 1999). [http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/W99/top.html Sexual Healing] , ''Hopkins Medical News''.</ref>
1952年在[[哈佛大學]]获得博士學位。
2006年在[[威靈頓維多利亞大學]]學習[[心理學]]。<ref name="nzhobit">( [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=204&ObjectID=10390550 Kiwi sexologist dies in US hospital] . ''[[New Zealand Herald]]''</ref>。
因罹患[[帕金森症]]，曼尼于2006年9月在美國[[馬里蘭州]]的[[陶森]]住院治療時去世，享年85岁。<ref name="APobit">Associated Press (July 9, 2006). [http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1110AP_Obit_Money.html Pioneer sex researcher dies at 84.]{{dead link|date=2018年4月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} via ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/john-william-money-84-sexual-identity-researcher-dies.html John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies ],The New Yorks Time，11Jul2006</ref>
曼尼很早就开始支持紐西蘭文學和視覺艺术。他是艺术家{{en-link|珍娜·法蘭姆|Janet Frame}}的一位名流朋友、拥护者。在2002年，當他的[[帕金森症]]逐漸惡化時，他將自己的大部分美术收藏捐给了紐西蘭Eastern Southland美術館。<ref name="sunobit">Brewington, Kelly (July 9, 2006). [http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/obituaries/bal-md.ob.money09jul09,0,7145990.story?page=1&coll=bal-local-headlines Dr. John Money 1921-2006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity]{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Baltimore Sun]]''</ref>
==著述==
1969年:是《性别认同与性别重置》（出版于）的共同作者之一。
===性認同、性別認同和性別角色===
20世纪50年代，曼尼在期刊论文中引入了许多有关性别的定义，其中许多源于他对两性人的研究。
曼尼对性别的定义基于他对人类性别差异的理解。曼尼认为，在生殖中，一方提供卵子而另一方提供精子的事实的确不可否认；但他认为，在这种常见二分法之外，仍会有其他性别差异出现。<ref name=MHH-1955 />
曼尼据其对雌雄同体的研究创立了“[[性别角色]]”这一概念，并将其从传统的[[性角色]]的概念中区分出来。根据曼尼的观点，“性别角色”不仅指在一个个体在[[性活动]]中所扮演的角色，更囊括其在日常生活与社会活动中所扮演的性别。
在研究中，曼尼发现性别取决于六个因素。在普通人的意识中，这些因素都明确地归属于“男性”或“女性”，但在雌雄同体的动物中，一个个体的性征都可能与其他任何个体都不完全一致，从而导致各种异常现象。他在1955年的论文中将这六个因素定义为：<ref name=MHH-1955>{{cite journal |last=Money |first=John |authorlink1=John Money |last2=Hampson |first2=Joan G |last3=Hampson |first3=John |date=October 1955 |title=An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism |url= |journal=Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=301–19 |doi= }}</ref>
#[[出生性别指定]]与后天性别培养 assigned sex and sex of rearing
#外生殖器形态 external genital morphology
#内生殖器结构 internal reproductive structures
#性激素与第二性征 hormonal and secondary sex characteristics
#性腺的种类 gonadal sex
#性染色体的类别 chromosomal sex
==争议==
===大卫·利马的性别重置===
1966年，大卫·利马（出生时名叫布鲁斯）的阴茎在一次[[包皮环切术|割礼]]中被意外烧毁。<ref name=CBCnews>{{cite news | title=David Reimer: The boy who lived as a girl | date=July 2002 | publisher=CBC News | url=http://cbc.ca/news/background/reimer/ | accessdate=2006-01-20 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204210402/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/reimer/ | archivedate=2006-02-04 }}</ref>布鲁斯的父母带他去拜访了约翰·曼尼先生。后者说服利马夫妇将布鲁斯当作一个女孩来抚养<ref name = Colapinto>{{cite book | last = Colapinto | first = J | title = As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl | url = https://archive.org/details/asnaturemadehim00john | publisher = {{en-link|Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial}} | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-06-092959-6 | authorlink = John Colapinto}} Revised in 2006</ref>。布鲁斯在22个月大时进行了[[睾丸切除术]]，被改造为了一名[[女孩]]。此后十年，曼尼每年都例行访问利马家，并持续提供心理治疗。<ref name="Dr. Money And The Boy With No Penis">[http://documentarystorm.com/health/dr-money-and-the-boy-with-no-penis/ Dr. Money And The Boy With No Penis] Retrieved 24 December 2010.</ref>治疗中，曼尼强迫布鲁斯与其孪生兄弟布莱恩摆出各种性姿势。他认为，在幼童期进行性交预演能帮助大卫建立健康的[[性别认同]]。{{r|Colapinto}}
几年后，曼尼将大卫的案例作为性别改造的成功案例发表，而曾在曼尼实验室工作过的学生表示，发表这篇文章后，曼尼每年仅访问利马家一次，而利马家也对曼尼谎称实验成功。<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr Money and the Boy with No Penis|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_trans.shtml|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2012-11-12|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GnPjwGfc?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_trans.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>可是，大卫认为曼尼给的建议并不是治疗，而是一种伤害：他在13岁时就萌生出自杀的念头，而布莱恩也因此罹患[[精神分裂症]]。<ref name="bbc-horizon-tv-followup">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_prog_summary.shtml |title=Dr Money and the Boy with No Penis |date=2005 |website=BBC |series=Horizon |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=2014-09-27 |archive-date=2014-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222132435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_prog_summary.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>后来，利马家断绝了与曼尼的联系，而曼尼从未承认过这个实验的失败。
直到二十年后，大卫才向记者{{en-link|约翰·科拉平托|John Colapinto}}和性学家{{en-link|米尔顿·戴蒙|Milton Diamond}}对曼尼进行了控诉。戴蒙说服大卫将自己的经历公诸于世，以阻止其他医生继续实施对幼童的性别重塑手术。<ref name=PCSS>{{cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Milton|author2=Sigmundson, HK|title=Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications.|journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med|date=March 1997|volume=151|issue=3|pages=298–304|pmid=9080940|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-sex-reassignment.html|accessdate=2013-05-15|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015|archive-date=2019-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608063750/http://hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-sex-reassignment.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>1997年12月，大卫的故事由约翰·科拉平托发表于《[[滚石杂志]]》，引起了国际间的重视。<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.healthyplace.com/gender/inside-intersexuality/the-true-story-of-john-joan/ | last = Colapinto | first = John | title = The True Story of John/Joan | work = Rolling Stone | date = 1997-12-11 | pages = 54–97 | accessdate = 2018-07-02 | archive-date = 2017-08-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809025420/https://www.healthyplace.com/gender/inside-intersexuality/the-true-story-of-john-joan/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>
2002年7月1日，布莱恩因服用过多[[抗忧郁剂]]而死亡；2004年5月4日，大卫也用一把[[削短型猎枪]]结束了自己的一生。<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2004/06/gender_gap.html | title = Gender Gap: What were the real reasons behind David Reimer's suicide? | last = Colapinto | first = J | authorlink = John Colapinto | work = [[Slate]] | date = 2004-06-03 | accessdate = 2009-02-13 | archive-date = 2013-04-27 | archive-url = https://archive.fo/20130427045853/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2004/06/gender_gap.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>
利马夫妇也表示，是曼尼的实验导致了他们两个儿子的死亡。<ref>"Born a Boy, Raised as a Girl" Documentary, The Learning Channel</ref>
===关于恋童===
约翰·曼尼关于[[年龄偏好]]的观点十分重要，特别是其对于[[恋童]]的观点尤为突出。他表示，无论是性研究人员还是公众，都没有区分“基于爱情的恋童”和“带有虐恋倾向的恋童”。 他断言，前者仅出于[[爱情]]，而非[[性欲]]。
曼尼曾说道：
{{quote|如果我看到一个十一二岁的男孩和一个二三十岁的男人之间有强烈的情欲，并在感情上相互吸引；如果这种关系是完全相互的——如果这种感情真的是完全相互的，那我不认为这有任何病态可言。<ref name="paidika">Interview: John Money. ''PAIDIKA: The Journal of {{Not a typo|Paedophilia}}'', Spring 1991, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 5.</ref><ref name="The True Story of John / Joan">Cited online in John Colapinto,[http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/fall06/yoonh/psy3135/articles/Colapinto_1997_part2.pdf 'The True Story of John / Joan',] ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' December 1997: 54–97.</ref>}}
曼尼认为，基于爱情的恋童者对孩子有着如父母之爱一般的[[亲情]]，只是其中一部分亲情转变为了爱情、情欲和性欲；这并不属于任何行为障碍。<ref name="paidika">Interview: John Money. ''PAIDIKA: The Journal of {{Not a typo|Paedophilia}}'', Spring 1991, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 5.</ref>此外，曼尼认为，传统的[[异性恋]]婚恋观念不过是社会表层思想肤浅化的又一例证。<ref name="The True Story of John / Joan">Cited online in John Colapinto,[http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/fall06/yoonh/psy3135/articles/Colapinto_1997_part2.pdf 'The True Story of John / Joan',] {''[[Rolling Stone]]'' December 1997: 54–97.</ref>
==參考書目==
{{Wikiquote}}
<div class="references-small">
*Money, John. ''Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox''. Thesis (Ph. D.)--[[哈佛大學|Harvard University]], 1952.
*Money, John. ''The Psychologic Study of Man'' (1957) Thomas: ASIN B0007E4LMC
*Money, John. ''A Standardized Road-Map Test of Direction Sense'' (1965) Academic Therapy Publications: ASIN B0006WTB2K
*Money, John. ''Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes: A Guide to Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Their Families '', 2nd ed. Baltimore: P.H. Brooks Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 1-55766-150-2
*Money, John. ''Man & Woman, Boy & Girl: Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity''. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1996. Originally published: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972. ISBN 1-56821-812-5
*Money, John, and Patricia Tucker. ''Sexual Signatures on Being a Man or a Woman.'' (1975) Little Brown & Co: ISBN 0-316-57825-8
*Money, John. ''Love and Love Sickness: the Science of Sex, Gender Difference and Pair-Bonding,'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-8018-2317-X, ISBN 0-8018-2318-8 (pbk.)
*Money, John. ''The Destroying Angel: Sex, Fitness & Food in the Legacy of Degeneracy Theory, Graham Crackers, Kellogg’s Corn Flakes & American Health History''. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1985. ISBN 0-87975-277-7
*Money, John. ''Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity''. New York: Irvington, 1986. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
*Money, John. ''Venuses Penuses: Sexology, Sexosophy, and Exigency Theory''. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1986 ISBN 0-87975-327-7
*Money, John. ''Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-505407-5
*Money, John. ''Vandalized Lovemaps: Paraphilic Outcome of 7 Cases in Pediatric Sexology''. (1989) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-513-X
*Money, John, and H. Musaph (eds). ''Biographies of Gender and Hermaphroditism''. (1991) Elsevier Publishing Company: ISBN 0-444-81403-5
*Money, John, Gordon Wainwright, David Hingsburger. ''The Breathless Orgasm: A Lovemap Biography of Asphyxiophilia''. (1991) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-664-0
*Money, John. ''The Kaspar Hauser Syndrome of "Psychosocial Dwarfism": Deficient Statural, Intellectual, and Social Growth Induced by Child Abuse''. (1992) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-754-X
*Money, John. ''The Adam Principle: genes. genitals, hormones, and gender: Selected readings in sexology''. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1993. ISBN 0-87975-804-X
*Ronald W. Keyes and John Money. ''The Armed Robbery Orgasm: A Lovemap Autobiography of Masochism''. (1993) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-856-2
*Money, John. ''Principles of Developmental Sexology''. New York: Continuum, 1994. ISBN 0-8264-1026-X
*Money, John. ''Reinterpreting the Unspeakable: Human Sexuality 2000 : The Complete Interviewer and Clinical Biographer, Exigency Theory, and Sexology for the Third''. New York: Continuum, 1994. ISBN 0-8264-0651-3
*Money, John. ''Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History''. New York: Continuum, 1995. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
*Money, John. ''The Lovemap Guidebook: A Definitive Statement''. (1999) Continuum: ISBN 0-8264-1203-3
*Krivacska, James J., and John Money, eds. ''The Handbook of Forensic Sexology: Biomedical & Criminological Perspectives''. (1994) Prometheus: ISBN 0-87975-883-X</div>
==視頻==
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==參考文獻==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
{{心理学}}
{{reflist}}
==外部連結==
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/library/money.html John Money Collection]
*[https://alchetron.com/John-Money alchetron -John Money]
*[https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/david-reimer-and-john-money-gender-reassignment-controversy-johnjoan-case The Embryo Project at Arizona State University -David Reimer and John Money Gender Reassignment Controversy: The John/Joan Case-2017-11-15]
{| class="wikitable"
! <p style="background: #0088A8; color: #FFFFFF; margin:auto; padding:5px 0; "> 約翰·曼尼 </p>
|-
|<center><img src="https://alchetron.com/cdn/john-money-399fad83-c092-49d6-80f6-c5091d3d0a5-resize-750.jpg" width="280" > </center>
<small>[https://alchetron.com/John-Money 圖片來自alchetron] <br>
'''出生''' 1921年7月8日<br>
'''逝世''' 2006年7月7日(85岁)<br>
'''母校''' [[哈佛大學]]<br>
'''研究領域 ''' 性向認同和人類性別分化<br>
'''專業領域''' 紐西蘭心理學家、性學家和作家<br>
</small>
|}
</div>
'''約翰·威廉·曼尼'''博士（'''John William Money''')，{{bd|1921年|7月8日|2006年|7月7日|Money}}），出生在[[紐西蘭]]摩林斯維的一個基督教[[友愛會]]的家庭，是一位紐西蘭[[心理學|心理學家]]、[[性學|性學家]]和[[作家]]，因其在[[性向認同]]和[[人类性别分化]]方面的研究而闻名，曼尼在其生涯內也創制了[[性別認同]]、[[性別角色]]和愛情地圖等不少重要的理論和專有名詞，亦是最早研究[[跨性别|性别流动]]和社会性别认同对个体的影响的心理学家之一。但近年来不少学术研究就其工作的多个方面（尤其是[[大卫·利马]]案例）对其加以批评。<ref name="diamond">Diamond M, Sigmundson HK (1997). Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications. ''Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine''. 1997 Mar; 151(3):298–304. {{PMID|9080940}}. [http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/mdfnl.html Full text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826205448/http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/mdfnl.html |date=2009-08-26 }}</ref>曼尼的著作已被翻译成多种语言，包括总计2000余篇的文章、书籍与评论。他一生中获得了约65个荣誉、奖项和学位。<ref name="John Money, Ph.D">{{cite journal|last1=Ehrhardt|first1=Anke A.|title=John Money, Ph.D.|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|date=August 2007|volume=44|issue=3|pages=223–224|jstor=20620298|doi=10.1080/00224490701580741}}</ref>
==生平==
1944年獲得[[惠靈頓]][[維多利亞大學]]心理學和教育學雙碩士學位。
1947年，在[[匹茲堡大學]]精神病研究所學習而移民到美國。他後來離開匹玆堡。
1950年短暫結婚，但無子女。<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carey |first1=Benedict |title=John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html |website=nytimes |accessdate=2018-07-03 |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629081416/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
1951年，曼尼开始担任[[約翰霍普金斯大學]][[兒科]]和[[醫療心理學]]的[[教授]]，直至過世。在那裡，他加入了研究变性手术的性别諮詢小組。在大卫·利马医疗案例中，男童大卫·利马因婴儿期包皮切割手术意外导致阴茎被毁，经过曼尼治疗后无果，最终自杀；而曼尼宣称其已成功将利马变性为女性。曼尼也因此次事件而为人所知。<ref>Duffy, J. (Winter 1999). [http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/W99/top.html Sexual Healing] , ''Hopkins Medical News''.</ref>
1952年在[[哈佛大學]]获得博士學位。
2006年在[[威靈頓維多利亞大學]]學習[[心理學]]。<ref name="nzhobit">( [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=204&ObjectID=10390550 Kiwi sexologist dies in US hospital] . ''[[New Zealand Herald]]''</ref>。
因罹患[[帕金森症]]，曼尼于2006年9月在美國[[馬里蘭州]]的[[陶森]]住院治療時去世，享年85岁。<ref name="APobit">Associated Press (July 9, 2006). [http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1110AP_Obit_Money.html Pioneer sex researcher dies at 84.]{{dead link|date=2018年4月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} via ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/john-william-money-84-sexual-identity-researcher-dies.html John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies ],The New Yorks Time，11Jul2006</ref>
曼尼很早就开始支持紐西蘭文學和視覺艺术。他是艺术家{{en-link|珍娜·法蘭姆|Janet Frame}}的一位名流朋友、拥护者。在2002年，當他的[[帕金森症]]逐漸惡化時，他將自己的大部分美术收藏捐给了紐西蘭Eastern Southland美術館。<ref name="sunobit">Brewington, Kelly (July 9, 2006). [http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/obituaries/bal-md.ob.money09jul09,0,7145990.story?page=1&coll=bal-local-headlines Dr. John Money 1921-2006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity]{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Baltimore Sun]]''</ref>
==著述==
1969年:是《性别认同与性别重置》（出版于）的共同作者之一。
===性認同、性別認同和性別角色===
20世纪50年代，曼尼在期刊论文中引入了许多有关性别的定义，其中许多源于他对两性人的研究。
曼尼对性别的定义基于他对人类性别差异的理解。曼尼认为，在生殖中，一方提供卵子而另一方提供精子的事实的确不可否认；但他认为，在这种常见二分法之外，仍会有其他性别差异出现。<ref name=MHH-1955 />
曼尼据其对雌雄同体的研究创立了“[[性别角色]]”这一概念，并将其从传统的[[性角色]]的概念中区分出来。根据曼尼的观点，“性别角色”不仅指在一个个体在[[性活动]]中所扮演的角色，更囊括其在日常生活与社会活动中所扮演的性别。
在研究中，曼尼发现性别取决于六个因素。在普通人的意识中，这些因素都明确地归属于“男性”或“女性”，但在雌雄同体的动物中，一个个体的性征都可能与其他任何个体都不完全一致，从而导致各种异常现象。他在1955年的论文中将这六个因素定义为：<ref name=MHH-1955>{{cite journal |last=Money |first=John |authorlink1=John Money |last2=Hampson |first2=Joan G |last3=Hampson |first3=John |date=October 1955 |title=An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism |url= |journal=Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=301–19 |doi= }}</ref>
#[[出生性别指定]]与后天性别培养 assigned sex and sex of rearing
#外生殖器形态 external genital morphology
#内生殖器结构 internal reproductive structures
#性激素与第二性征 hormonal and secondary sex characteristics
#性腺的种类 gonadal sex
#性染色体的类别 chromosomal sex
==争议==
===大卫·利马的性别重置===
1966年，大卫·利马（出生时名叫布鲁斯）的阴茎在一次[[包皮环切术|割礼]]中被意外烧毁。<ref name=CBCnews>{{cite news | title=David Reimer: The boy who lived as a girl | date=July 2002 | publisher=CBC News | url=http://cbc.ca/news/background/reimer/ | accessdate=2006-01-20 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204210402/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/reimer/ | archivedate=2006-02-04 }}</ref>布鲁斯的父母带他去拜访了约翰·曼尼先生。后者说服利马夫妇将布鲁斯当作一个女孩来抚养<ref name = Colapinto>{{cite book | last = Colapinto | first = J | title = As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl | url = https://archive.org/details/asnaturemadehim00john | publisher = {{en-link|Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial}} | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-06-092959-6 | authorlink = John Colapinto}} Revised in 2006</ref>。布鲁斯在22个月大时进行了[[睾丸切除术]]，被改造为了一名[[女孩]]。此后十年，曼尼每年都例行访问利马家，并持续提供心理治疗。<ref name="Dr. Money And The Boy With No Penis">[http://documentarystorm.com/health/dr-money-and-the-boy-with-no-penis/ Dr. Money And The Boy With No Penis] Retrieved 24 December 2010.</ref>治疗中，曼尼强迫布鲁斯与其孪生兄弟布莱恩摆出各种性姿势。他认为，在幼童期进行性交预演能帮助大卫建立健康的[[性别认同]]。{{r|Colapinto}}
几年后，曼尼将大卫的案例作为性别改造的成功案例发表，而曾在曼尼实验室工作过的学生表示，发表这篇文章后，曼尼每年仅访问利马家一次，而利马家也对曼尼谎称实验成功。<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr Money and the Boy with No Penis|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_trans.shtml|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2012-11-12|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GnPjwGfc?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_trans.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>可是，大卫认为曼尼给的建议并不是治疗，而是一种伤害：他在13岁时就萌生出自杀的念头，而布莱恩也因此罹患[[精神分裂症]]。<ref name="bbc-horizon-tv-followup">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_prog_summary.shtml |title=Dr Money and the Boy with No Penis |date=2005 |website=BBC |series=Horizon |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=2014-09-27 |archive-date=2014-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222132435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_prog_summary.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>后来，利马家断绝了与曼尼的联系，而曼尼从未承认过这个实验的失败。
直到二十年后，大卫才向记者{{en-link|约翰·科拉平托|John Colapinto}}和性学家{{en-link|米尔顿·戴蒙|Milton Diamond}}对曼尼进行了控诉。戴蒙说服大卫将自己的经历公诸于世，以阻止其他医生继续实施对幼童的性别重塑手术。<ref name=PCSS>{{cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Milton|author2=Sigmundson, HK|title=Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications.|journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med|date=March 1997|volume=151|issue=3|pages=298–304|pmid=9080940|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-sex-reassignment.html|accessdate=2013-05-15|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015|archive-date=2019-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608063750/http://hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-sex-reassignment.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>1997年12月，大卫的故事由约翰·科拉平托发表于《[[滚石杂志]]》，引起了国际间的重视。<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.healthyplace.com/gender/inside-intersexuality/the-true-story-of-john-joan/ | last = Colapinto | first = John | title = The True Story of John/Joan | work = Rolling Stone | date = 1997-12-11 | pages = 54–97 | accessdate = 2018-07-02 | archive-date = 2017-08-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809025420/https://www.healthyplace.com/gender/inside-intersexuality/the-true-story-of-john-joan/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>
2002年7月1日，布莱恩因服用过多[[抗忧郁剂]]而死亡；2004年5月4日，大卫也用一把[[削短型猎枪]]结束了自己的一生。<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2004/06/gender_gap.html | title = Gender Gap: What were the real reasons behind David Reimer's suicide? | last = Colapinto | first = J | authorlink = John Colapinto | work = [[Slate]] | date = 2004-06-03 | accessdate = 2009-02-13 | archive-date = 2013-04-27 | archive-url = https://archive.fo/20130427045853/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2004/06/gender_gap.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>
利马夫妇也表示，是曼尼的实验导致了他们两个儿子的死亡。<ref>"Born a Boy, Raised as a Girl" Documentary, The Learning Channel</ref>
===关于恋童===
约翰·曼尼关于[[年龄偏好]]的观点十分重要，特别是其对于[[恋童]]的观点尤为突出。他表示，无论是性研究人员还是公众，都没有区分“基于爱情的恋童”和“带有虐恋倾向的恋童”。 他断言，前者仅出于[[爱情]]，而非[[性欲]]。
曼尼曾说道：
{{quote|如果我看到一个十一二岁的男孩和一个二三十岁的男人之间有强烈的情欲，并在感情上相互吸引；如果这种关系是完全相互的——如果这种感情真的是完全相互的，那我不认为这有任何病态可言。<ref name="paidika">Interview: John Money. ''PAIDIKA: The Journal of {{Not a typo|Paedophilia}}'', Spring 1991, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 5.</ref><ref name="The True Story of John / Joan">Cited online in John Colapinto,[http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/fall06/yoonh/psy3135/articles/Colapinto_1997_part2.pdf 'The True Story of John / Joan',] ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' December 1997: 54–97.</ref>}}
曼尼认为，基于爱情的恋童者对孩子有着如父母之爱一般的[[亲情]]，只是其中一部分亲情转变为了爱情、情欲和性欲；这并不属于任何行为障碍。<ref name="paidika">Interview: John Money. ''PAIDIKA: The Journal of {{Not a typo|Paedophilia}}'', Spring 1991, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 5.</ref>此外，曼尼认为，传统的[[异性恋]]婚恋观念不过是社会表层思想肤浅化的又一例证。<ref name="The True Story of John / Joan">Cited online in John Colapinto,[http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/fall06/yoonh/psy3135/articles/Colapinto_1997_part2.pdf 'The True Story of John / Joan',] {''[[Rolling Stone]]'' December 1997: 54–97.</ref>
==參考書目==
{{Wikiquote}}
<div class="references-small">
*Money, John. ''Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox''. Thesis (Ph. D.)--[[哈佛大學|Harvard University]], 1952.
*Money, John. ''The Psychologic Study of Man'' (1957) Thomas: ASIN B0007E4LMC
*Money, John. ''A Standardized Road-Map Test of Direction Sense'' (1965) Academic Therapy Publications: ASIN B0006WTB2K
*Money, John. ''Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes: A Guide to Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Their Families '', 2nd ed. Baltimore: P.H. Brooks Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 1-55766-150-2
*Money, John. ''Man & Woman, Boy & Girl: Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity''. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1996. Originally published: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972. ISBN 1-56821-812-5
*Money, John, and Patricia Tucker. ''Sexual Signatures on Being a Man or a Woman.'' (1975) Little Brown & Co: ISBN 0-316-57825-8
*Money, John. ''Love and Love Sickness: the Science of Sex, Gender Difference and Pair-Bonding,'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-8018-2317-X, ISBN 0-8018-2318-8 (pbk.)
*Money, John. ''The Destroying Angel: Sex, Fitness & Food in the Legacy of Degeneracy Theory, Graham Crackers, Kellogg’s Corn Flakes & American Health History''. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1985. ISBN 0-87975-277-7
*Money, John. ''Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity''. New York: Irvington, 1986. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
*Money, John. ''Venuses Penuses: Sexology, Sexosophy, and Exigency Theory''. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1986 ISBN 0-87975-327-7
*Money, John. ''Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-505407-5
*Money, John. ''Vandalized Lovemaps: Paraphilic Outcome of 7 Cases in Pediatric Sexology''. (1989) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-513-X
*Money, John, and H. Musaph (eds). ''Biographies of Gender and Hermaphroditism''. (1991) Elsevier Publishing Company: ISBN 0-444-81403-5
*Money, John, Gordon Wainwright, David Hingsburger. ''The Breathless Orgasm: A Lovemap Biography of Asphyxiophilia''. (1991) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-664-0
*Money, John. ''The Kaspar Hauser Syndrome of "Psychosocial Dwarfism": Deficient Statural, Intellectual, and Social Growth Induced by Child Abuse''. (1992) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-754-X
*Money, John. ''The Adam Principle: genes. genitals, hormones, and gender: Selected readings in sexology''. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1993. ISBN 0-87975-804-X
*Ronald W. Keyes and John Money. ''The Armed Robbery Orgasm: A Lovemap Autobiography of Masochism''. (1993) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-856-2
*Money, John. ''Principles of Developmental Sexology''. New York: Continuum, 1994. ISBN 0-8264-1026-X
*Money, John. ''Reinterpreting the Unspeakable: Human Sexuality 2000 : The Complete Interviewer and Clinical Biographer, Exigency Theory, and Sexology for the Third''. New York: Continuum, 1994. ISBN 0-8264-0651-3
*Money, John. ''Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History''. New York: Continuum, 1995. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
*Money, John. ''The Lovemap Guidebook: A Definitive Statement''. (1999) Continuum: ISBN 0-8264-1203-3
*Krivacska, James J., and John Money, eds. ''The Handbook of Forensic Sexology: Biomedical & Criminological Perspectives''. (1994) Prometheus: ISBN 0-87975-883-X</div>
==視頻==
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==參考文獻==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
{{心理学}}
{{reflist}}
==外部連結==
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/library/money.html John Money Collection]
*[https://alchetron.com/John-Money alchetron -John Money]
*[https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/david-reimer-and-john-money-gender-reassignment-controversy-johnjoan-case The Embryo Project at Arizona State University -David Reimer and John Money Gender Reassignment Controversy: The John/Joan Case-2017-11-15]