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751年法兰克王国宫相查理·马特之子丕平（矮子）在罗马教皇支持下废墨洛温王朝末王自立，建立加洛林王朝。他将意大利中部土地赠给教皇作为酬谢，又征服南部高卢。矮子丕平之子查理经过连年征战，控制了西欧大部分地区，建立庞大帝国，并于800年由罗马教皇加冕称帝，史称查理大帝。查理死后，帝国走向解体。
[[File:加洛林王朝.jpg|缩略图|left|[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&step_word=&hs=0&pn=2&spn=0&di=40260&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=undefined&cs=1965606941%2C3146874217&os=1579862123%2C2491522623&simid=3404463950%2C390502489&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=732&fr=&fmq=1636026915081_R&fm=&ic=undefined&s=undefined&hd=undefined&latest=undefined©right=undefined&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=undefined&height=undefined&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fcms-bucket.nosdn.127.net%2Fcatchpic%2Fa%2Faa%2Faa27a04197cc2705629c6d7c82ef5aa3.jpg%3FimageView%26thumbnail%3D550x0%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fcms-bucket.nosdn.127.net%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1638619290%26t%3D5b6411abea69c08d0a5b5c5dc9321343&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fgjof_z%26e3B8mn_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3F8bAzdH3FabddAzdH3F8aAzdH3FDPQBMBn0aaa8b0UE_z%26e3Bip4s%23u654%3D6jsjewgp&gsm=3&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined&dyTabStr=MCwzLDIsMSw0LDYsNSw3LDgsOQ%3D%3D 原图链接][https://www.163.com/news/article/DPQBMB37000187UE.html#from=relevant 来自网易新闻]]]
虔诚者路易在位时(814～840)，封建内战加剧。843年，他的三个儿子在凡尔登缔结条约，帝国一分为三：日耳曼人路易领有东法兰克王国，秃头查理领有西法兰克王国，罗退尔一世领有中法兰克王国，皇帝称号由罗退尔一世继承。