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瓦洛厄河
,创建页面，内容为“{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: -10px 0px 10px 20px; text-align:left" |<center>'''瓦洛厄河'''<br><img src="https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/…”
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: -10px 0px 10px 20px; text-align:left"
|<center>'''瓦洛厄河'''<br><img src="https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/streams-feeding-wallowa-lake-in-wallowa-lake-state-park-oregon-usa-picture-id1020821546" width="250"></center><small>[https://www.istockphoto.com/hk/%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B7%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%B9%96%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%B9%96%E7%9A%84%E6%BA%AA%E6%B5%81%E9%A4%B5%E9%A4%8A-gm1020821546-274222228 圖片來自iStock]</small>
|}
'''瓦洛厄河'''，([[英語]]:Wallowa River)，是位於[[美國]][[奧勒岡州]]東北部，為[[格蘭德隆德河]]([[Grande Ronde River]])的一個支流，大約55 [[mile]]（89[[km]]） 長<ref>[https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/wallowa-mountains.html 151 Wallowa Mountains Photos - Free & Royalty-Free Stock Photos from Dreamstime]，Dreamstime.com</ref> <ref>[https://www.istockphoto.com/hk/%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B7%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%B9%96%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%B9%96%E7%9A%84%E6%BA%AA%E6%B5%81%E9%A4%B5%E9%A4%8A-gm1020821546-274222228 美國俄勒岡州瓦洛厄湖州立公園瓦洛厄湖的溪流餵養照片檔及更多地勢景觀照片]，iStock</ref> 。
==簡介==
瓦洛厄河，它在[[瓦洛厄山脈]]的北部，[[哥倫比亞高原]](Columbia Plateau)上沖刷出一個山谷。
* 國家:美，
* 州:奧勒岡，
* 郡:瓦洛厄郡及聯邦郡，
* 源頭:瓦洛厄河左右岔流的匯流點，
* 位置:[[奧勒岡]][[瓦洛厄郡]]中大約在[[瓦洛厄湖]]南方1[[英里]]（1.6[[公里]]）。
===名稱起源===
瓦洛厄河為[[內茲佩爾塞語]]([[Nez Perce]])對捕魚陷阱中、一個以棍子所形成的三角形之稱呼。
==地形==
此範圍由山脈東部的瓦洛厄河及其支流，位於山脈西部的[[彌念河]](Minam River)所形成。而[[尹那哈河]](Imnaha River)則從山脈的東部流入會合。
此區域的最高點為[[薩卡賈維亞峰]]，在[[海拔]]9838[[英尺]]2,999[[米]]）的位置。<ref>{{cite web | title = Elevations of Points Near Eagle Cap Wilderness | publisher = U.S. Forest Service | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050321002445/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/w-w/recreation/wilderness/elevations-ecw.shtml | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/w-w/recreation/wilderness/elevations-ecw.shtml | archivedate = 2005年3月21日 | deadurl = yes }}</ref>薩卡賈維亞峰是[[奧勒岡]]的第六高山峰，也是在本州中，除了[[喀斯喀特山脈]]以外的第一高峰。<ref>Engeman, Richard H. (2009). ''The Oregon Companion: A Historical Gazetteer of the Useful, the Curious, and the Arcane''. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 393. ISBN 0-88192-899-2. {{OCLC|236142647}}.</ref>
==地質==
許多[[地質學家]]相信在奧勒岡州東北部的[[瓦洛厄山脈]]是[[島嶼地帶]]( Insular Belt)分離的碎塊。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/Coast%20Range%20Episode.htm |title=The Coast Range Episode |accessdate=25 May 2008 |publisher=The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture |year=2006 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122538/http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/Coast%20Range%20Episode.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> 瓦洛厄的中心部分由瓦洛厄岩基環繞著[[哥倫比亞河]]玄武岩群所組成。<ref name = Krauskopf1943>{{cite journal| last = Krauskopf| first = K.B.| year = 1943| journal = American Journal of Science| volume = 241| issue = 10| pages = 607–628| url = http://www.ajsonline.org/content/241/10/607.full.pdf+html| accessdate = 16 October 2012| doi = 10.2475/ajs.241.10.607| title = The Wallowa Batholith| archive-date = 2017-05-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170517213738/http://www.ajsonline.org/content/241/10/607.full.pdf+html| dead-url = no}}</ref>此外，在岩基和玄武岩層之間，也有許多較老的岩層。<ref name = USGSCVO2004>{{cite web | title = America's Volcanic Past - Oregon | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = 26 October 2004 | first = Lyn | last = Topinka | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_oregon.html | accessdate = 18 November 2007 | archive-date = 2014-05-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042718/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_oregon.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>
瓦洛厄岩基是在[[侏儸紀]]晚期和[[白堊紀]]早期（大約在一億六千萬年前和一億兩千萬年前）之間，由往上湧出的[[岩漿]]所造出的[[花崗岩]]所組成。<ref name = USGSCVO2004/> 此岩石的配置，在熱帶海時期引起地層表面的上升。
這可由在山脈中所出現的[[板岩]]、[[石英岩]]及[[大理石]]得到證明；這些岩石是在三疊紀時期，由海洋沉積物所生成的岩石變形後所產生。<ref name = Warren1928>{{cite journal | title = Physical and Economic Geography of Oregon: Chapter XIII The Wallowa Mountains and County | last = Smith | first = Warren | journal = "The Commonwealth Review of the University of Oregon" | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | date = January 1928 | url = http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/12051/Phy_Eco_Geo.pdf?sequence=1 | format = PDF | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | archive-date = 2017-08-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170817001500/http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/12051/Phy_Eco_Geo.pdf?sequence=1 | dead-url = no }}</ref> 在岩基的中心部分為花崗閃長岩，而其外圍的邊界地區則為[[石英閃長岩]]。花崗岩岩基由深溝所切斷， 但這種情形很少見。
在[[更新世]]晚期，由於[[冰河]]的擠壓而塑造了一些山谷出來，而且也留下了一些[[冰磧石]]。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Varies climatic and topographic influences on the Late Pleistocene mountain glaciation in the western United State | last = Thackray | first = Glenn | journal = Journal of Quaternary Science | year = 2008 | volume = 23 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 671–681 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.1210/pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | doi = 10.1002/jqs.1210 | archive-date = 2016-03-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316100914/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.1210/pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>
這一系列的冰磧石是由長時間的[[冰河推進]]和後退所形成。[[冰川沉積物]]也是這些山谷的共同特徵。<ref name=Budlong2005>{{cite journal | title = The Bathymetry and Sediments of Wallowa Lake, Northeast Oregon | last1 = Budlong | first1 = Bryce | last2 = Collier | last3 = Davis | first3 = Calvin | last4 = Gilbert | first4 = David | last5 = Legerwood | first5 = Rob | last6 = Tassel | first6 = Jay | journal = Eastern Oregon Geology | volume = 2 | date = September 2005 | url = http://www3.eou.edu/geology/easternoregongeology.html | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060909220012/http://www3.eou.edu/geology/easternoregongeology.html | archivedate = 2006年9月9日 }}</ref> 冰河的溶解產生了相當大量的水，而這些水將沉澱物質沖刷到山谷的底部，形成了一層一層的沉積物，新的覆蓋在舊的沉積物之上面。<ref name=spokanecc>{{cite web|url=http://users.scc.spokane.edu/ABuddington/g210spr02/g3/geology.htm|title=General Geology|date=Spring 2002|publisher=Spokane Community College|work=Wallowa Lake|first1=Logan|last1=Ditto|first2=Bryan|last2=Donaldson|accessdate=9 September 2013|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210705/http://users.scc.spokane.edu/ABuddington/g210spr02/g3/geology.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
==氣候==
在山脈中，大部分的降水都是以[[雪]]的型態落下，降雪的尖峰時期為每年三月附近。<ref name="Rheinheimer2007">{{cite web | title = Hydrological and ecologic impacts of climate change in the Grande Ronde River Basin | last = Rheinheimer | first = David | year = 2007 | url = https://www.geology.ucdavis.edu/shlemoncourse/trips/GrandeRonde/backgroundpapers/Rheinheimer.pdf | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | format = PDF | publisher = University of California, Davis | archive-date = 2010-06-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100614153805/https://www.geology.ucdavis.edu/shlemoncourse/trips/GrandeRonde/backgroundpapers/Rheinheimer.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
大部分的降水都是屬於[[地形降水]]。在山頂附近每年的[[降水量]]可以超過2500[[毫米]]，而在山谷中，則可以低到每年只有250毫米。<ref name=TaylorHale>{{cite web | title = Climate of Wallowa County | last1 = Taylor | first1 = George | last2 = Hale | first2 = Candee | last3 = Joos | first3 = Sarah | url = http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/county_climate/Wallowa_files/Wallowa.html | work = Oregon Climate Service | publisher = Oregon State University | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213019/http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/county_climate/Wallowa_files/Wallowa.html | archivedate = 2010年6月11日 }}</ref>
==參考文獻==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:美國人]]
|<center>'''瓦洛厄河'''<br><img src="https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/streams-feeding-wallowa-lake-in-wallowa-lake-state-park-oregon-usa-picture-id1020821546" width="250"></center><small>[https://www.istockphoto.com/hk/%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B7%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%B9%96%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%B9%96%E7%9A%84%E6%BA%AA%E6%B5%81%E9%A4%B5%E9%A4%8A-gm1020821546-274222228 圖片來自iStock]</small>
|}
'''瓦洛厄河'''，([[英語]]:Wallowa River)，是位於[[美國]][[奧勒岡州]]東北部，為[[格蘭德隆德河]]([[Grande Ronde River]])的一個支流，大約55 [[mile]]（89[[km]]） 長<ref>[https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/wallowa-mountains.html 151 Wallowa Mountains Photos - Free & Royalty-Free Stock Photos from Dreamstime]，Dreamstime.com</ref> <ref>[https://www.istockphoto.com/hk/%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B7%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%B9%96%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%B9%96%E7%9A%84%E6%BA%AA%E6%B5%81%E9%A4%B5%E9%A4%8A-gm1020821546-274222228 美國俄勒岡州瓦洛厄湖州立公園瓦洛厄湖的溪流餵養照片檔及更多地勢景觀照片]，iStock</ref> 。
==簡介==
瓦洛厄河，它在[[瓦洛厄山脈]]的北部，[[哥倫比亞高原]](Columbia Plateau)上沖刷出一個山谷。
* 國家:美，
* 州:奧勒岡，
* 郡:瓦洛厄郡及聯邦郡，
* 源頭:瓦洛厄河左右岔流的匯流點，
* 位置:[[奧勒岡]][[瓦洛厄郡]]中大約在[[瓦洛厄湖]]南方1[[英里]]（1.6[[公里]]）。
===名稱起源===
瓦洛厄河為[[內茲佩爾塞語]]([[Nez Perce]])對捕魚陷阱中、一個以棍子所形成的三角形之稱呼。
==地形==
此範圍由山脈東部的瓦洛厄河及其支流，位於山脈西部的[[彌念河]](Minam River)所形成。而[[尹那哈河]](Imnaha River)則從山脈的東部流入會合。
此區域的最高點為[[薩卡賈維亞峰]]，在[[海拔]]9838[[英尺]]2,999[[米]]）的位置。<ref>{{cite web | title = Elevations of Points Near Eagle Cap Wilderness | publisher = U.S. Forest Service | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050321002445/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/w-w/recreation/wilderness/elevations-ecw.shtml | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/w-w/recreation/wilderness/elevations-ecw.shtml | archivedate = 2005年3月21日 | deadurl = yes }}</ref>薩卡賈維亞峰是[[奧勒岡]]的第六高山峰，也是在本州中，除了[[喀斯喀特山脈]]以外的第一高峰。<ref>Engeman, Richard H. (2009). ''The Oregon Companion: A Historical Gazetteer of the Useful, the Curious, and the Arcane''. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 393. ISBN 0-88192-899-2. {{OCLC|236142647}}.</ref>
==地質==
許多[[地質學家]]相信在奧勒岡州東北部的[[瓦洛厄山脈]]是[[島嶼地帶]]( Insular Belt)分離的碎塊。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/Coast%20Range%20Episode.htm |title=The Coast Range Episode |accessdate=25 May 2008 |publisher=The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture |year=2006 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122538/http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/Coast%20Range%20Episode.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> 瓦洛厄的中心部分由瓦洛厄岩基環繞著[[哥倫比亞河]]玄武岩群所組成。<ref name = Krauskopf1943>{{cite journal| last = Krauskopf| first = K.B.| year = 1943| journal = American Journal of Science| volume = 241| issue = 10| pages = 607–628| url = http://www.ajsonline.org/content/241/10/607.full.pdf+html| accessdate = 16 October 2012| doi = 10.2475/ajs.241.10.607| title = The Wallowa Batholith| archive-date = 2017-05-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170517213738/http://www.ajsonline.org/content/241/10/607.full.pdf+html| dead-url = no}}</ref>此外，在岩基和玄武岩層之間，也有許多較老的岩層。<ref name = USGSCVO2004>{{cite web | title = America's Volcanic Past - Oregon | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = 26 October 2004 | first = Lyn | last = Topinka | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_oregon.html | accessdate = 18 November 2007 | archive-date = 2014-05-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042718/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_oregon.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>
瓦洛厄岩基是在[[侏儸紀]]晚期和[[白堊紀]]早期（大約在一億六千萬年前和一億兩千萬年前）之間，由往上湧出的[[岩漿]]所造出的[[花崗岩]]所組成。<ref name = USGSCVO2004/> 此岩石的配置，在熱帶海時期引起地層表面的上升。
這可由在山脈中所出現的[[板岩]]、[[石英岩]]及[[大理石]]得到證明；這些岩石是在三疊紀時期，由海洋沉積物所生成的岩石變形後所產生。<ref name = Warren1928>{{cite journal | title = Physical and Economic Geography of Oregon: Chapter XIII The Wallowa Mountains and County | last = Smith | first = Warren | journal = "The Commonwealth Review of the University of Oregon" | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | date = January 1928 | url = http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/12051/Phy_Eco_Geo.pdf?sequence=1 | format = PDF | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | archive-date = 2017-08-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170817001500/http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/12051/Phy_Eco_Geo.pdf?sequence=1 | dead-url = no }}</ref> 在岩基的中心部分為花崗閃長岩，而其外圍的邊界地區則為[[石英閃長岩]]。花崗岩岩基由深溝所切斷， 但這種情形很少見。
在[[更新世]]晚期，由於[[冰河]]的擠壓而塑造了一些山谷出來，而且也留下了一些[[冰磧石]]。<ref>{{cite journal | title = Varies climatic and topographic influences on the Late Pleistocene mountain glaciation in the western United State | last = Thackray | first = Glenn | journal = Journal of Quaternary Science | year = 2008 | volume = 23 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 671–681 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.1210/pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | doi = 10.1002/jqs.1210 | archive-date = 2016-03-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160316100914/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.1210/pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>
這一系列的冰磧石是由長時間的[[冰河推進]]和後退所形成。[[冰川沉積物]]也是這些山谷的共同特徵。<ref name=Budlong2005>{{cite journal | title = The Bathymetry and Sediments of Wallowa Lake, Northeast Oregon | last1 = Budlong | first1 = Bryce | last2 = Collier | last3 = Davis | first3 = Calvin | last4 = Gilbert | first4 = David | last5 = Legerwood | first5 = Rob | last6 = Tassel | first6 = Jay | journal = Eastern Oregon Geology | volume = 2 | date = September 2005 | url = http://www3.eou.edu/geology/easternoregongeology.html | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060909220012/http://www3.eou.edu/geology/easternoregongeology.html | archivedate = 2006年9月9日 }}</ref> 冰河的溶解產生了相當大量的水，而這些水將沉澱物質沖刷到山谷的底部，形成了一層一層的沉積物，新的覆蓋在舊的沉積物之上面。<ref name=spokanecc>{{cite web|url=http://users.scc.spokane.edu/ABuddington/g210spr02/g3/geology.htm|title=General Geology|date=Spring 2002|publisher=Spokane Community College|work=Wallowa Lake|first1=Logan|last1=Ditto|first2=Bryan|last2=Donaldson|accessdate=9 September 2013|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210705/http://users.scc.spokane.edu/ABuddington/g210spr02/g3/geology.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
==氣候==
在山脈中，大部分的降水都是以[[雪]]的型態落下，降雪的尖峰時期為每年三月附近。<ref name="Rheinheimer2007">{{cite web | title = Hydrological and ecologic impacts of climate change in the Grande Ronde River Basin | last = Rheinheimer | first = David | year = 2007 | url = https://www.geology.ucdavis.edu/shlemoncourse/trips/GrandeRonde/backgroundpapers/Rheinheimer.pdf | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | format = PDF | publisher = University of California, Davis | archive-date = 2010-06-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100614153805/https://www.geology.ucdavis.edu/shlemoncourse/trips/GrandeRonde/backgroundpapers/Rheinheimer.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
大部分的降水都是屬於[[地形降水]]。在山頂附近每年的[[降水量]]可以超過2500[[毫米]]，而在山谷中，則可以低到每年只有250毫米。<ref name=TaylorHale>{{cite web | title = Climate of Wallowa County | last1 = Taylor | first1 = George | last2 = Hale | first2 = Candee | last3 = Joos | first3 = Sarah | url = http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/county_climate/Wallowa_files/Wallowa.html | work = Oregon Climate Service | publisher = Oregon State University | accessdate = 22 March 2012 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213019/http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/county_climate/Wallowa_files/Wallowa.html | archivedate = 2010年6月11日 }}</ref>
==參考文獻==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:美國人]]