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當時還迷戀著古代希臘與拉丁文的熊彼特在1901年入讀[[維也納大學]]法學系後，馬上迷上當時還是學生的社會學學家，如[[維爾納桑巴特]]和[[韋伯]]。特別是上了奧地利學派學者的課，譬如弗里德里希馮維塞爾，歐根馮龐巴維克和卡爾門格爾，便開始不斷探索經濟學。<ref name="Drouin">Jean-Claude Drouin, ''Les grands économistes'', Presses Universitaires de France, 2006.</ref>.

因主張自由主義資本經濟制度，與[[凱恩斯]]理論間相互對立，雖然他的經濟學說並不如凱因斯在生前就獲得很大的迴響，但研究者咸認為他對於經濟學科的思想史有著很大的貢獻，於哈佛任教期間引介[[計量經濟]]理論的研究，豎立該校於經濟研究的重鎮地位。在經濟學領域中，他使「[[創造性破壞]]」一詞人人皆知。<ref>{{cite news || first1=Brad | last1=Stone | first2=Ashlee | last2=Vance |title=$200 Laptops Break a Business Model |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/technology/26spend.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |quote=Indeed, Silicon Valley may be one of the few places where businesses are still aware of the ideas of Joseph Schumpeter, an Austrian economist who wrote about business cycles during the first half of the last century. He said the lifeblood of capitalism was “creative destruction.” Companies rising and falling would unleash innovation and in the end make the economy stronger. |newspaper= New York Times |date=January 25, 2009 |accessdate=2010-09-21 }}</ref>