伐達摩那
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筏馱摩那[1],或譯笩駄摩那、伐達摩那(梵語:वर्धमान Vardhamāna,約前599年-前527年[2],意謂光榮者),原名尼乾陀若提子(Nigaṇṭha jñāta putta),著名古印度宗教思想家,印度列國時代跋耆國人,耆那教的創始者,被教徒尊稱為大雄(Mahāvīra,音譯摩訶毘羅,即偉大的英雄)。耆那教相信,他是第24位並且是最後一位蒂爾丹嘉拉(tīrthankara,意謂祖師)。
伐達摩那 | |
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圖片來源wikipedia.org 筏馱摩那的塑像 | |
知名於 | twenty-fourth tirthankara |
前任 | Parshva |
繼任 | None |
筏馱摩那與釋迦牟尼生活在同一個時代,且與釋迦牟尼的生平類似,筏馱摩那被佛教歸入六師外道。
目錄
名稱
生平
筏馱摩那的出生地點,自古有許多說法,有三種說法最被人所熟知:包括今天的瓦伊沙利縣,比哈爾邦賈穆伊,或是王舍城附近的那爛陀。其中比哈爾邦賈穆伊即是十六雄國時期跋耆國首都吠舍離外45公里的貢得村。
筏馱摩那與釋迦牟尼一樣,是部落首領的兒子,在良好的環境中長大。三十歲時筏馱摩那放棄了財產、家庭(他有一個妻子和女兒)和舒適的環境,決定出走尋求真理,追求精神上的覺醒。在之後的十二年半,他透過進行密集的冥想和深度的懺悔,最終得到了專一知識(Kevala Jñāna),也就是最終的啟示。之後,他用餘下的三十年生命遊方傳道,走遍了印度,傳授他的哲學,反對種姓制度,主張和平主義,反暴力,還有不殺生、不妄語、不偷盜、不邪淫及不執着的五誓言。筏馱摩那認為,透過禪定和自我實現達到了覺悟的人,他們就是耆那(jina),即勝者,故稱耆那教。
西元前527年,筏馱摩那辭世,年七十二。生前有弟子多人,賢者十一人,但只有印德拉菩提(Indrabhūti)與蘇達摩(Sudharma)繼續傳道,因為筏馱摩那大多數弟子因修道嚴厲,斷食而死。佛教非常批判此般的苦行。
佛教記載
《中阿含經·尼乾經》中記載了他的學說:
“ | 諸尼乾等,如是見、如是說,謂:人所受,皆因本作。若其故業,因苦行滅,不造新者,則諸業盡。諸業盡已,則得苦盡,得苦盡已,則得苦邊。[5] | ” |
《中阿含經·優婆離經(一三三經)》記載,筏馱摩那的死因,可能與其弟子優婆離改信佛教,他氣極吐血有關:
“ | 尼揵親子問曰:「居士!汝以何意稱歎沙門瞿曇耶?」優婆離居士報曰:「尊人!聽我說喻,慧者聞喻則解其義。猶善鬘師、鬘師弟子採種種華,以長綖結作種種鬘。如是,尊人!如來、無所著、等正覺,有無量稱歎,我之所尊,以故稱歎。」說此法時。優婆離居士遠塵離垢,諸法法眼生。尼揵親子即吐熱血。至波和國。以此惡患。尋便命終。 | ” |
此一說法亦未存在於記錄筏馱摩那行止的耆那教經典如《劫波經》、《十二支經》等內容中,因為佛教與耆那教起於同時期,並在思想上處於競爭關係,故此說法存疑。
註釋與引用
- ↑ 全國宗教資訊網.筏馱摩那
- ↑ Mahavira (Jaina teacher) – Encyclopedia Britannica. [2013-06-10] (英語).
- ↑ 《慧琳音義》:「尼乾陀此云無繼,是外道總名也。若提云親友,是母名。」
- ↑ 《玄應音義》:「尼乾或作尼乾陀,應言泥健連他,譯云不繫也。」
- ↑ 《根本說一切有部毘奈耶》:「時,實力子,復更往詣尼揵陀慎若低子所,而白之曰:大師!何者是仁所宗法理?於諸弟子以何教誨?勤修梵行獲得何果?彼師答曰:太子!我之所宗,作如是見,作如是說:若諸人等,見有所受苦樂之事,皆由先世所造業因,以苦行力,能除宿業,不造新業,決生死堤,證無漏法,諸業便盡,諸業盡故,諸苦亦盡。」
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