伐达摩那
此条目需要扩充。 (2019年9月2日) |
此条目需要补充更多来源。 (2019年9月2日) |
筏驮摩那[1],或译笩駄摩那、伐达摩那(梵语:वर्धमान Vardhamāna,约前599年-前527年[2],意谓光荣者),原名尼乾陀若提子(Nigaṇṭha jñāta putta),著名古印度宗教思想家,印度列国时代跋耆国人,耆那教的创始者,被教徒尊称为大雄(Mahāvīra,音译摩诃毘罗,即伟大的英雄)。耆那教相信,他是第24位并且是最后一位蒂尔丹嘉拉(tīrthankara,意谓祖师)。
伐达摩那 | |
---|---|
图片来源wikipedia.org 筏驮摩那的塑像 | |
知名于 | twenty-fourth tirthankara |
前任 | Parshva |
继任 | None |
筏驮摩那与释迦牟尼生活在同一个时代,且与释迦牟尼的生平类似,筏驮摩那被佛教归入六师外道。
目录
名称
生平
筏驮摩那的出生地点,自古有许多说法,有三种说法最被人所熟知:包括今天的瓦伊沙利县,比哈尔邦贾穆伊,或是王舍城附近的那烂陀。其中比哈尔邦贾穆伊即是十六雄国时期跋耆国首都吠舍离外45公里的贡得村。
筏驮摩那与释迦牟尼一样,是部落首领的儿子,在良好的环境中长大。三十岁时筏驮摩那放弃了财产、家庭(他有一个妻子和女儿)和舒适的环境,决定出走寻求真理,追求精神上的觉醒。在之后的十二年半,他透过进行密集的冥想和深度的忏悔,最终得到了专一知识(Kevala Jñāna),也就是最终的启示。之后,他用馀下的三十年生命游方传道,走遍了印度,传授他的哲学,反对种姓制度,主张和平主义,反暴力,还有不杀生、不妄语、不偷盗、不邪淫及不执着的五誓言。筏驮摩那认为,透过禅定和自我实现达到了觉悟的人,他们就是耆那(jina),即胜者,故称耆那教。
西元前527年,筏驮摩那辞世,年七十二。生前有弟子多人,贤者十一人,但只有印德拉菩提(Indrabhūti)与苏达摩(Sudharma)继续传道,因为筏驮摩那大多数弟子因修道严厉,断食而死。佛教非常批判此般的苦行。
佛教记载
《中阿含经·尼干经》中记载了他的学说:
“ | 诸尼干等,如是见、如是说,谓:人所受,皆因本作。若其故业,因苦行灭,不造新者,则诸业尽。诸业尽已,则得苦尽,得苦尽已,则得苦边。[5] | ” |
《中阿含经·优婆离经(一三三经)》记载,筏驮摩那的死因,可能与其弟子优婆离改信佛教,他气极吐血有关:
“ | 尼揵亲子问曰:“居士!汝以何意称叹沙门瞿昙耶?”优婆离居士报曰:“尊人!听我说喻,慧者闻喻则解其义。犹善鬘师、鬘师弟子采种种华,以长𫄧结作种种鬘。如是,尊人!如来、无所著、等正觉,有无量称叹,我之所尊,以故称叹。”说此法时。优婆离居士远尘离垢,诸法法眼生。尼揵亲子即吐热血。至波和国。以此恶患。寻便命终。 | ” |
此一说法亦未存在于记录筏驮摩那行止的耆那教经典如《劫波经》、《十二支经》等内容中,因为佛教与耆那教起于同时期,并在思想上处于竞争关系,故此说法存疑。
注释与引用
- ↑ 全国宗教资讯网.筏驮摩那
- ↑ Mahavira (Jaina teacher) – Encyclopedia Britannica. [2013-06-10] (英语).
- ↑ 《慧琳音义》:“尼乾陀此云无继,是外道总名也。若提云亲友,是母名。”
- ↑ 《玄应音义》:“尼干或作尼乾陀,应言泥健连他,译云不系也。”
- ↑ 《根本说一切有部毘奈耶》:“时,实力子,复更往诣尼揵陀慎若低子所,而白之曰:大师!何者是仁所宗法理?于诸弟子以何教诲?勤修梵行获得何果?彼师答曰:太子!我之所宗,作如是见,作如是说:若诸人等,见有所受苦乐之事,皆由先世所造业因,以苦行力,能除宿业,不造新业,决生死堤,证无漏法,诸业便尽,诸业尽故,诸苦亦尽。”
参考文献
- Shah, Umakant Premanand, Mahavira Jaina teacher, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 14 May 2015
- Jain, Vijay K., Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, 2015, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6,
Template:PD-notice
- von Dehsen, Christian, Philosophers and Religious Leaders, Routledge, 13 September 2013, ISBN 978-81-208-1376-2
- Jain, Vijay K., Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya, 2012, ISBN 9788190363945,
Template:PD-notice
- J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (编), Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, One: A-B Second, ABC-CLIO , 2010, ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3
- Taliaferro; Marty, A dictionary of philosophy of Religion, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4411-1197-5
- Caillat, Colette; Balbir, Nalini, Jaina Studies, Motilal Banarsidass , 1 January 2008, ISBN 978-81-208-3247-3 (Prakrit)
- Pramansagar, Muni, Jain tattvavidya, India: Bhartiya Gyanpeeth, 2008, ISBN 978-81-263-1480-5
- Gupta, K.R.; Gupta, Amita, Concise Encyclopaedia of India 3, Atlantic Publishers & Dis, 1 January 2006, ISBN 978-81-269-0639-0
- Sethia, Tara, Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2004, ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4
- Chakravarthi, Ram-Prasad, Non-violence and the other A composite theory of multiplism, heterology and heteronomy drawn from Jainism and Gandhi, Angelaki, 2003, 8 (3): 3–22, doi:10.1080/0969725032000154359
- Nagārāja, Muni, Agama and Tripitaka a Comparative Study of Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha, Concept Publishing Company, 2003, ISBN 978-81-7022-731-1
- Heehs, Peter, Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002, ISBN 978-1-85065-497-1
- Sangave, Vilas Adinath, Aspects of Jaina Religion, Bharatiya Jnanpith , 2001, ISBN 978-81-263-0720-3
- Kumar, Sehdev, Jain Temples of Rajasthan, Abhinav Publications, 2001, ISBN 978-81-7017-348-9
- Jaini, Padmanabh S., Collected Papers on Jaina Studies, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2000, ISBN 81-208-1691-9
- Upadhye, Dr. A. N., Mahāvīra His Times and His philosophy of life, Bharatiya Jnanpith, 2000
- von Glasenapp, Helmuth, Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass , 1999, ISBN 81-208-1376-6
- Pandey, Janardan, Gandhi and 21st Century, 1998, ISBN 9788170226727
- Jain, Shanti Lal, ABC of Jainism, Bhopal (M.P.): Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth, 1998, ISBN 81-7628-000-3
- Titze, Kurt, Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence 2, Motilal Banarsidass , 1998, ISBN 978-81-208-1534-6
- Nanda, R. T., Contemporary Approaches to Value Education in India, Regency Publications, 1997, ISBN 978-81-86030-46-2
- Winternitz, Moriz, History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, 1993, ISBN 978-81-208-0265-0
- Dundas, Paul, The Jains Second, Routledge, 2002 [1992], ISBN 0-415-26605-X
- Jain, Kailash Chand, Lord Mahavira and His Times, Motilal Banarsidass, 1991, ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8
- Shah, Umakant Premanand, Jaina-Rupa Mandana: Jaina Iconography 1, India: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications, 1987, ISBN 81-7017-208-X
- Sarasvati, Swami Dayananda, An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash, Swami Dayananda Sarasvati, 1970
- Wiley, Kristi L., Historical Dictionary of Jainism, Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield , 1 January 2004, ISBN 0-8108-5051-6
- Kristi L. Wiley. The A to Z of Jainism. Scarecrow Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8108-6821-2.
- Zimmer, Heinrich, Joseph Campbell, 编, Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1953 [April 1952], ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6,
Template:PD-notice
- Sunavala, A.J., Adarsha Sadhu: An Ideal Monk First paperback edition, 2014, Cambridge University Press, 1934, ISBN 978-1-107-62386-6
- Jain, Champat Rai, Jainism, Christianity and Science, The Indian Press, Allahabad, 1930, (原始内容存档于2015)
- Jacobi, Hermann, F. Max Müller, 编, The Kalpa Sūtra, Sacred Books of the East , Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1884, ISBN 0-7007-1538-X (英语) Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1884 reprint