第一民族
第一民族,或稱第一國族,(英語:First Nations,法語:Premières nations),是數個加拿大境內民族的通稱,法定與印地安人同義[1] [2] 。
目錄
簡介
第一民族,指的是在現今加拿大境內的美洲原住民(北美洲原住民)及其子孫,但是不包括因紐特人和梅蒂人,因紐特人很久以前就居住在加拿大北極圈附近及阿拉斯加。梅第人是歐洲人與印第安人的混血,印第安人有的有身份,有的無身份。。
在加拿大,原住民的全國性組織是第一民族議會(英語:Assembly of First Nations,法語:Assemblée des premières nations)。
辭源
加拿大原住民由「第一民族」(First Nations)、「因紐特人」(Inuit)、和「梅蒂人」(Métis)[3]組成。[4][5]「First Nations」一詞在1970、80年代起被廣泛使用,取代了原先所用的「Indian band」。[6]索爾·桑德斯(Elder Sol Sanderson)宣稱在1980年代初期創造了這個詞。[7] 有些人則認為其是出現於1970年代,用以迴避使用有冒犯性的「印地安人」(Indian)。這個詞尚未有具體的法律定義。一些原住民部落也以「First Nation」取代名稱上原來的「band」。[8]
目前「印地安人」(Indian)這詞雖然依然是法律用語,但在加拿大的已漸漸不再使用。[9][10] 而美國政府和其他國家使用的「Native Americans」一詞則不常用於加拿大,[5]通常只用於稱呼於美國境內的原住民。[11]同樣,「Native Canadian」一詞也不常見,然而「Natives」和「autochthones」(希臘詞根auto[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name el的條目]]和chthon[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name el的條目]],意即土地)卻有被使用。根據1763年王室公告,[12]官方稱呼英屬北美的原住民為「部落」或「民族」。
文化
第一民族通常分類為共通的文化圈,依地域區分為副極地,東北林地,平原,高原,西北海岸。
根據加拿大2006年人口普查,原住民人口數為1,172,790 (3.75%),其中第一民族人口數為698,025(2.23%)。[13]
政府
問題
第一民族的生活並不理想,他們中大多數人的生活條件只能比得上如海地這樣的發展中國家。[14]第一民族的失業率、[15]犯罪率、[16]藥物濫用率[17]比全國平均水平高,受教育率低,貧困程度高,以及胎兒乙醇綜合徵等健康問題。[18][19][20][21]
其出生時的預期壽命也較低,2001數據估計第一民族男女壽命低於全國平均水平。[22]與非原住民相比,同性別間的自殺率高出兩倍、同年齡段的自殺率更高出三倍。[23]
原住民組成的黑幫,其中大部份位於溫尼伯,也是一個很大的社會問題。[24]
糖尿病
第一民族的糖尿病患病率與其他民族相比高得非同尋常,其2型糖尿病患病率可能是由於外部環境、基因以及生物因素(例:節儉表型假設),[25]不過具體情況還不清楚。[26]
外部連結
- Aboriginal Perspectives A National Film Board of Canada website with documentaries on Canada's Aboriginal Peoples, including films by Aboriginal filmmakers.
- Aboriginal Virtual Exhibits from Canadian Museums
- Assembly of First Nations
- The Canadian Museum of Civilization – First Peoples Section
- First Nations Seeker
- First Nations News Wire Service
- A History of Aboriginal Treaties and Relations in Canada
- 1946 Report: Medical survey of nutrition among the Northern Manitoba Indians
參考文獻
- ↑ 第一民族(First Nations),華人百科
- ↑ 第一民族:第一民族(First Nations),是一個加拿大的種族名稱,百科知識中文網
- ↑ final Written Submissions of Federal Crown In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court (PDF). Factum of the Federal Crown Canada; University of Manitoba, Faculty of Law. 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-26).
- ↑ The Canadian Atlas Online First Peoples. Canadian Geographic. [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2015-10-08).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Terminology. Aboriginal Peoples & Communities. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2009-06-03 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2011-08-24).
- ↑ Gibson, Gordon. A New Look at Canadian Indian Policy: Respect the Collective – Promote the Individual. 2009. ISBN 978-0-88975-243-6.
- ↑ Assembly of First Nations 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2006-05-23., p. 74.
- ↑ Terminology 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2012-08-13.. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ↑ Words First An Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Communications Branch of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2004 [2010-06-26]. (原始內容存檔於2007-11-14).
- ↑ Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Métis (PDF). Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of BC. 2009 [2010-06-26]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-02-27).
- ↑ Hill, Liz. National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian Institution. 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-13).
- ↑ Wilson, W.R. The Royal Proclamation of 1763. 2004 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2011-09-27).
- ↑ Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20%. Statistics Canada Census: 2006 Census: Data products Topic-based tabulations. Government of Canada. 2008-06-12 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2009-04-20).
- ↑ Stop the blame game. The Star. [2013-09-17]. (原始內容存檔於2011-12-10).
- ↑ Natives in Canada suffer from high unemployment – June 14, 2005. Indianz.Com; Noble Savage Media, LLC; Ho-Chunk, Inc. 2000–2005 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2008-11-29).
- ↑ Gorelick, Melissa. Discrimination of Aboriginals on native lands in Canada: a comprehensive crisis – September 2007. UN Chronicle (CBS Interactive Inc.). 2007 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2012-07-10).
- ↑ Health Canada – National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program. Government of Canada. 2006-03-06 [2008-11-14]. (原始內容存檔於2008-05-06).
- ↑ Health Canada -First Nations, Inuit and Aboriginal Health – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects. Government of Canada. 2007-11-146 [2010-01-22]. (原始內容存檔於2010-03-23).
- ↑ Poverty to blame for TB among Aboriginals: experts. CTV News. November 14, 200 [2008-11-14]. (原始內容存檔於2009-06-04).
- ↑ Health Canada – Statistical Profile on the Health of First Nations in Canada. Government of Canada. [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2008-05-28).
- ↑ Jennissen, Therese. Health issues in rural Canada – B. People of Aboriginal Origin. Political and Social Affairs Division. Government of Canada. December 1992 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2010-01-19).
- ↑ First Nations Comparable Health Indicators. Health Canada First Nations, Inuit & Aboriginal Health Diseases & Health Conditions. Government of Canada. 2007-03-16 [2008-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2008-05-12).
- ↑ Robinson, B.A. Suicide among Canada's First Nations. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2007-01-03 [2009-10-09]. (原始內容存檔於2006-12-12).
- ↑ Native gangs spreading across Canada, says RCMP. CTV.ca. 2010-03-16 [2010-03-16]. (原始內容存檔於2010-03-24).
- ↑ Pollard, T. M. 2008. Western Diseases: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapter 4: The thrifty genotype versus thrifty phenotype debate: efforts to explain between population variation in rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Dyck R, Osgood N, Lin TH, Gao A, and Stang MR (2010) Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among First Nations and non-First Nations adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 182:249-256; published ahead of print January 18, 2010, doi:10.1503/cmaj.090846