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卢恩字母
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'''卢恩字母'''（Runes）又称为'''如尼字母'''或'''北欧字母'''，是一类已灭绝的[[字母]]，在[[中世纪]]的[[欧洲]]用来书写某些北欧[[日耳曼语族]]的语言，特别在[[斯堪的纳维亚半岛]]与[[不列颠群岛]]通用。斯堪的纳维亚半岛所用的卢恩文字被称作'''Futhark'''，不列颠岛所用的卢恩文字被称作'''Futhorc'''。
三种最著名的卢恩字母是：
* {{link-en| 古弗萨克文|Elder Futhark}} （约150年至800年）* {{link-en| 盎格鲁撒克逊弗托克文|Anglo-Saxon Futhorc}} （400年至1100年）* {{link-en| 后弗萨克文|Younger Futhark}} （年800至1100年）
后弗萨克文进一步被分成：
== 字母表 ==
=== 古弗萨克文 ===
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"
!卢恩字母
![[UCS]]
!含义
|-
|[[File:Runic letter fehu.svg|14x30px|f]] || {{runic|[[ᚠ]]}}
!f
| {{IPAslink|f}}
|*fehu
|"财富，牛"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter uruz.svg|14x30px|u]] || {{runic|[[ᚢ]]}}
!u
| {{IPAslink|u}}, {{IPAslink|uː}}
|?*ūruz
|"[[原牛|aurochs]]"（或*ûram "water/slag"?）
|-
|[[File:Runic letter thurisaz.svg|14x30px|th,þ]] || {{runic|[[ᚦ]]}}
![[þ]]
| {{IPAslink| θ}}, {{IPAslink|ð}}
|?*þurisaz
|"[[索尔]], [[霜巨人|巨人]]"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter ansuz.svg|14x30px|a]] || {{runic|[[ᚨ]]}}
!a
| {{IPAslink|a}}, {{IPAslink|aː}}
|*ansuz
|"[[阿萨神族|诸神]]"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter raido.svg|14x30px|r]] || {{runic|[[ᚱ]]}}
!r
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|*raidō
|"骑乘，旅行"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter kauna.svg|14x30px|k]] || {{runic|[[ᚲ]]}}
!k
| {{IPAslink|k}}
|?*kaunan
|"火焰、火炬"（或*Kenaz）
|-
|[[File:Runic letter gebo.svg|14x30px|g]] || {{runic|[[ᚷ]]}}
!g
| {{IPAslink|g}}
|*gebō
|"赠礼"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter wunjo.svg|14x30px|w]] || {{runic|[[ᚹ]]}}
!w
| {{IPAslink|w}}
|*wunjō
|"喜悦"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter haglaz.svg|14x30px|h]] [[File:Runic letter haglaz variant.svg|14x30px|h]] || {{runic|[[ᚺ|ᚺ ᚻ]]}}
!h
| {{IPAslink|h}}
|*hagalaz
|"[[冰雹]]"（降水）
|-
|[[File:Runic letter naudiz.svg|14x30px|n]] || {{runic|[[ᚾ]]}}
!n
| {{IPAslink|n}}
|*naudiz
|"需求"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter isaz.svg|14x30px|i]] || {{runic|[[ᛁ]]}}
!i
| {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|iː}}
|*īsaz
|"冰"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter jeran.svg|14x30px|j]] || {{runic|[[ᛃ]]}}
!j
| {{IPAslink|j}}
|*jēra-
|"丰收，丰年"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter iwaz.svg|14x30px|ï,ei]] || {{runic|[[ᛇ]]}}
! ï（或æ）
| {{IPAslink|æ}}, {{IPAslink|æː}} （?）
|*ī(h)waz/*ei(h)waz
|"紫杉树"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter pertho.svg|14x30px|p]] || {{runic|[[ᛈ]]}}
!p
| {{IPAslink|p}}
|?*perþ-
|含义不明，可能"pear-tree，签筒，决疑"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter algiz.svg|14x30px|z]] || {{runic|[[ᛉ]]}}
!z
| {{IPAslink|z}}
|?*algiz
|含义不明，可能"[[驼鹿|驼鹿]]"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter sowilo.svg|14x30px|s]] [[File:Runic letter sowilo variant.svg|14x30px|s]]|| {{runic|[[ᛊ]]}}
!s
| {{IPAslink|s}}
|*sōwilō
|"太阳"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter tiwaz.svg|14x30px|t]] || {{runic|[[ᛏ]]}}
!t
| {{IPAslink|t}}
|"[[提尔|提尔]]"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter berkanan.svg|14x30px|b]] || {{runic|[[ᛒ]]}}
!b
| {{IPAslink|b}}
|*berkanan
|"[[桦木属|birch]]"桦木
|-
|[[File:Runic letter ehwaz.svg|14x30px|e]] || {{runic|[[ᛖ]]}}
!e
| {{IPAslink|e}}, {{IPAslink|eː}}
|*ehwaz
|"马"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter mannaz.svg|14x30px|m]] || {{runic|[[ᛗ]]}}
!m
| {{IPAslink|m}}
|"人"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter laukaz.svg|14x30px|l]] || {{runic|[[ᛚ]]}}
!l
| {{IPAslink|l}}
|*laguz
|"水，湖泊"（或可能*laukaz "leek"）
|-
|[[File:Runic letter ingwaz.svg|14x30px|ŋ]] [[File:Runic letter ingwaz variant.svg|14x30px| ŋ]] [[File:Runic letter ingwaz variant.png|16px|ŋ]] || {{runic|[[ ᛜ|ᛜ ᛝ]]}}
![[ŋ]]
| {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|*ingwaz
|"天使，Ingwaz神"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter othalan.svg|14x30px|o]] || {{runic|[[ᛟ]]}}
!o
| {{IPAslink|o}}, {{IPAslink|oː}}
|*ōþila-/*ōþala-
|"heritage, estate, possession"
|-
|[[File:Runic letter dagaz.svg|14x30px|d]] || {{runic|[[ᛞ]]}}
!d
| {{IPAslink|d}}
|*dagaz
|"day"
=== 盎格鲁撒克逊弗托克文 ===
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"
! 卢恩字母 !! [[UCS]] !! [[古英语]]名字 !! 含义 !! [[转写]] !! [[IPA]]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter fehu.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚠ}} || feoh || 财富 || f || [f], [v]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter uruz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚢ}} || ur || [[原牛]] || u ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter thurisaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚦ}} || þorn || 刺 || þ, ð || [θ], [ð]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter os.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚩ}} || ós || [一个]神 || ó ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter raido.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚱ}} || rad || 骑乘 || r ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter cen.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚳ}} || cen || 火炬 || c || [k]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter gebo.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚷ}} || gyfu || 礼物 || {{lang|ang|ȝ}} || [g], [j]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter wunjo.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚹ}} || wynn || 欢乐 || w, {{lang|ang|ƿ}} || [w]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter haglaz variant.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚻ}} || hægl || hail (降水) || h ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter naudiz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚾ}} || nyd || 需要，遇险 || n ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter isaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛁ}} || is || 冰 || i ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ger.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛄ}} || ger || 年，收获 || j ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter iwaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛇ}} || eoh || 紫杉 || eo ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter pertho.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛈ}} || peorð || (未知) || p ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter algiz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛉ}} || eolh || 麋鹿莎草 || x ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter sigel.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛋ}} || sigel || 太阳 || s || [s], [z]
|-
| [[File:Runic letter tiwaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛏ}} || Tiw || 上帝Tiw || t ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter berkanan.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛒ}} || beorc || 桦木 || b ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ehwaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛖ}} || eh || 马 || e ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter mannaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛗ}} || mann || 人 || m ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter laukaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛚ}} || lagu || 湖 || l ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ingwaz variant.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛝ}} || ing || Ing (一名英雄) || ŋ ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter othalan.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛟ}} || éðel || 房地产 || œ ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter dagaz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛞ}} || dæg || 一天 || d ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ac.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚪ}} || ac || 橡树 || a ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ansuz.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚫ}} || [[æ]]sc || 梣树 || æ ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter yr.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᚣ}} || yr || 弓 || y ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ior.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛡ}} || ior || 鳗鱼 || ia, io ||
|-
| [[File:Runic letter ear.svg|14x30px|]] || {{runic|ᛠ}} || ear || 坟墓 || ea ||
|}
== 当代应用 ==
=== 商标 ===
[[蓝牙]]的标志是卢恩字母 [[Image:Runic letter ior.svg|8px]]（{{link-en|Haglaz|Haglaz|Hagall}}，ᚼ） 和 [[Image:Runic letter berkanan.svg|8px]]（{{link-en|Berkanan|Berkanan|Bjarkan}}，ᛒ ）的组合，也就 是{{lang是lang|da|Harald Blåtand}} 的首字母HB的合写。
=== 占卜 ===
支援卢恩文范围的Unicode字型包括[[免费Unicode字型|免费]]的[[Junicode]]、[[免费UCS大纲字型|Free Mono]]、[[Caslon Roman]]，以及收费的[[Code2000]]、[[Everson Mono]]、[[TITUS Cyberbit Basic]]等。
== 相似字母 ==
* Thomas Karlsson. ''Uthark - Nightside of the runes'', 2002. [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/9197410217/qid=1122336489/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i1_xgl/026-3308096-6778846 (Amazon.co.uk)]
{{refend}}
== 外部连结 ==
* [http://www.arild-hauge.com/eindex.htm History, development and systems of runes]
* [http://www.antalyaonline.net/futhark/ Mystery Of The Futhark Alphabet]
** [http://www.runewebvitki.com/ Runewebvitki]
* [https://wicca.tw/Runes/ Runes - 森野秘境 - 卢恩符文教学网]