{{Infobox person| name = <h4 style="background:#0088dd; color:#ffffff; margin-top:0em; padding:10px 0;">伐達摩那</h4>| image = <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/250px-Mahavir.jpg" width="250" ><br> <br>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%8F%E9%A6%B1%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3 圖片來源wikipedia.org]| image_size = 250px| caption = 筏馱摩那 ，或譯笩駄摩那、伐達摩那（梵語：वर्धमान Vardhamāna，約前599年－前527年，意謂光榮者），原名尼乾陀若提子（Nigaṇṭha jñāta putta），著名古印度宗教思想家，印度列國時代跋耆國人，耆那教 的 創始者，被教徒尊稱為大雄（Mahāvīra，音譯摩訶毘羅，即偉大的英雄）。耆那教相信，他是第24位並且是最後一位蒂爾丹嘉拉（tīrthankara，意謂祖師）。塑像| birth_date = | death_date = | birth_place =| death_place = | known_for = twenty-fourth [[tirthankara]]| predecessor = [[Parshva]]| successor = None| ethnicity = | father=| mother=}}

'''筏馱摩那'''<ref>[https://religion.moi.gov.tw/Knowledge/Content?ci=2&cid=383 全國宗教資訊網.筏馱摩那]</ref>，或譯'''笩駄摩那'''、'''伐達摩那'''（[[梵语]]：{{lang|sa|वर्धमान}} {{IAST|Vardhamāna}}，{{bd|约前599年||前527年<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|title=Mahavira (Jaina teacher) – Encyclopedia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358008/Mahavira|accessdate=2013-06-10 |language=en }}</ref>||catIdx=Vardhamana}}，意謂'''光榮者'''），原名'''尼乾陀若提子'''（{{IAST|Nigaṇṭha jñāta putta}}），著名[[古印度]][[宗教]][[思想家]]，[[印度列国时代]][[跋耆]]国人，[[耆那教]]的創始者，被教徒尊稱為'''大雄'''（{{IAST|Mahāvīra}}，音譯'''摩訶毘羅'''，即'''偉大的英雄'''）。[[耆那教]]相信，他是第24位并且是最后一位[[蒂爾丹嘉拉]]（tīrthankara，意謂'''祖師'''）。 筏馱摩那與 [[ 釋迦牟尼 ]] 生活在同一個時代，且 與 与 釋迦牟尼的生平 類 类 似，筏馱摩那被 [[ 佛教 ]] 歸入 [[ 六師外道 ]]。 ==名稱==[[佛經]]記載，其名為'''尼乾若提子'''，或'''尼乾陀若提子'''。尼乾是他的教派名稱，其名若提子，名字來自其母親<ref>《慧琳音義》：「尼乾陀此-{云}-無繼，是外道總名也。若提-{云}-親友，是母名。」</ref><ref>《玄應音義》：「尼乾或作尼乾陀，應言泥健連他，譯-{云}-不繫也。」</ref>。 ==生平==筏馱摩那的出生地點，自古有許多說法，有三種說法最被人所熟知：包括今天的[[瓦伊沙利縣]]，[[比哈爾邦]][[贾穆伊]]，或是[[王舍城]]附近的[[那爛陀]]。其中[[比哈爾邦]][[贾穆伊]]即是[[十六雄国]]时期[[跋耆]]国首都[[吠舍离]]外45公里的贡得村。 筏馱摩那與釋迦牟尼一樣，是部落[[首領]]的兒子，在良好的環境中長大。三十歲時筏馱摩那放棄了財產、家庭（他有一個妻子和女兒）和舒適的環境，決定出走尋求[[真理]]，追求精神上的覺醒。在之後的十二年半，他透過進行密集的[[冥想]]和深度的[[懺悔]]，最終得到了[[專一知識]]（Kevala Jñāna），也就是最終的啟示。之後，他用餘下的三十年生命遊方傳道，走遍了印度，傳授他的哲學，反對[[種姓制度]]，主張[[和平主義]]，[[反暴力]]，還有[[不殺生]]、[[不妄語]]、[[不偷盜]]、[[不邪淫]]及[[不執着]]的[[五誓言]]。筏馱摩那認為，透过[[禅定]]和自我实现达到了[[觉悟]]的人，他们就是耆那（jina），即[[勝者]]，故稱[[耆那教]]。 西元前527年，筏馱摩那辭世，年七十二。生前有弟子多人，賢者十一人，但只有[[印德拉菩提]]（Indrabhūti）與[[蘇達摩]]（Sudharma）繼續傳道，因為筏馱摩那大多數弟子因修道嚴厲，斷食而死。佛教非常批判此般的苦行。 ==佛教記載==《[[中阿含經]]·尼乾經》中記載了他的學說：{{Cquote|諸尼乾等，如是見、如是說，謂：人所受，皆因本作。若其故[[業]]，因[[苦行]]滅，不造新者，則諸業盡。諸業盡已，則得苦盡，得苦盡已，則得苦邊。<ref>《[[根本說一切有部毘奈耶]]》：「時，實力子，復更往詣尼揵陀慎若低子所，而白之曰：大師！何者是仁所宗法理？於諸弟子以何教誨？勤修梵行獲得何果？彼師答曰：太子！我之所宗，作如是見，作如是說：若諸人等，見有所受苦樂之事，皆由先世所造業因，以苦行力，能除宿業，不造新業，決生死堤，證無漏法，諸業便盡，諸業盡故，諸苦亦盡。」</ref>}} 《[[中阿含經]]·優婆離經（一三三經）》記載，筏馱摩那的死因，可能與其弟子[[優婆離]]改信佛教，他氣極[[吐血]]有關：{{Cquote|尼揵親子問曰：「[[居士]]！汝以何意稱歎[[沙門]][[釋迦牟尼|瞿曇]]耶？」優婆離居士報曰：「[[尊者|尊人]]！聽我說喻，慧者聞喻則解其義。猶善鬘師、鬘師弟子採種種華，以長綖結作種種鬘。如是，尊人！如來、無所著、等正覺，有無量稱歎，我之所尊，以故稱歎。」說此法時。優婆離居士遠塵離垢，諸法法眼生。尼揵親子即吐熱血。至波和國。以此惡患。尋便命終 。}} 此一說法亦未存在於記錄筏馱摩那行止的耆那教經典如《劫波經》、《十二支經》等內容中，因為佛教與耆那教起於同時期，並在思想上處於競爭關係，故此說法存疑。 ==註釋與引用=={{reflist|2}} ==參考文獻== * {{citation |last=Shah|first=Umakant Premanand|title=Mahavira Jaina teacher|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahavira-Jaina-teacher|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|date=14 May 2015}}* {{citation |last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara|year=2015|publisher=Vikalp Printers|isbn=978-81-903639-7-6|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xI8HBgAAQBAJ|quote={{PD-notice}}}}* {{citation |last=von Dehsen |first=Christian |title=Philosophers and Religious Leaders |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=[[羅德里奇|Routledge]] |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 }}* {{Citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC&pg=PR14|title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya| isbn=9788190363945|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|year=2012|quote={{PD-notice}}}}* {{citation |editor=[[约翰·高登·梅尔敦|J. Gordon Melton]] |editor2=Martin Baumann |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C |edition=Second |volume=One: A-B |publisher={{link-en|ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO}} |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 }}*{{citation|last=Taliaferro|last2=Marty|title=A dictionary of philosophy of Religion|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=78962vlrCDcC|date=2010|isbn=978-1-4411-1197-5}}*{{citation|date=1 January 2008|last=Caillat|first=Colette|authorlink=:en:Colette Caillat|last2=Balbir|first2=Nalini|authorlink2=:en:Nalini Balbir|title=Jaina Studies|volume=|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ecKCrO6nLiAC|publisher={{link-en|Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass}}|language=Prakrit|isbn=978-81-208-3247-3}}* {{citation|last=Pramansagar|first=Muni|title=Jain tattvavidya|year=2008|publisher=Bhartiya Gyanpeeth|location=India|isbn=978-81-263-1480-5}}*{{citation|date=1 January 2006|last=Gupta|first=K.R.|last2=Gupta|first2=Amita|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dis|isbn=978-81-269-0639-0}}*{{citation|last=Sethia|first=Tara|title=Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC|date=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|location=|isbn=978-81-208-2036-4}}*{{citation|last=Chakravarthi|first=Ram-Prasad| title=Non-violence and the other A composite theory of multiplism, heterology and heteronomy drawn from Jainism and Gandhi| journal=Angelaki|year=2003| volume=8| issue=3| pages=3–22| doi=10.1080/0969725032000154359}}*{{citation|last=Nagārāja|first=Muni|title=Agama and Tripitaka a Comparative Study of Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXVOXRrYQiQC| year=2003| publisher=Concept Publishing Company| isbn=978-81-7022-731-1}}* {{citation |last=Heehs|first=Peter|authorlink=:en:Peter Heehs|title=Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HTepAfJv_6YC|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|date=2002|location=|isbn=978-1-85065-497-1}}* {{citation |last=Sangave|first=Vilas Adinath|title=Aspects of Jaina Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8RUPwAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher={{link-en|Bharatiya Jnanpith|Bharatiya Jnanpith}}|isbn=978-81-263-0720-3}}* {{citation |last=Kumar|first=Sehdev|title=Jain Temples of Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSDACkmA_ukC|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-348-9}}* {{citation |last=Jaini|first=Padmanabh S.|authorlink=:en:Padmanabh Jaini|title=Collected Papers on Jaina Studies|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|location=[[德里|Delhi]]|isbn=81-208-1691-9|ref=harv}}* {{citation|last=Upadhye|first=Dr. A. N.|authorlink=:en:A.N. Upadhye|title=Mahāvīra His Times and His philosophy of life|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHfzERhGUjQC|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith}}* {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |authorlink=:en:Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |publisher={{link-en|Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass}} |date=1999 |location=[[德里|Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1376-6 }}* {{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmJnWrjnfjMC|last=Pandey|first=Janardan|date=1998|title=Gandhi and 21st Century|isbn=9788170226727}}* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Shanti Lal |title=ABC of Jainism |year=1998 |publisher=Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth |location=Bhopal (M.P.) |isbn=81-7628-000-3 }}* {{citation |last=Titze |first=Kurt |authorlink= |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |publisher={{link-en|Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass}} |edition=2 |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}* {{citation| last=Nanda| first=R. T.| title=Contemporary Approaches to Value Education in India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JwCAvDIgoMC| year=1997| publisher=Regency Publications| isbn=978-81-86030-46-2}}* {{citation| last=Winternitz| first=Moriz|authorlink=:en:Moriz Winternitz|title=History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC| year=1993| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0265-0}}* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |authorlink=:en:Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X }}* {{citation| last=Jain| first=Kailash Chand| title=Lord Mahavira and His Times| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC| year=1991| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0805-8}}*{{citation|last=Shah|first=Umakant Premanand|title=Jaina-Rupa Mandana: Jaina Iconography|volume=1|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC|location=[[India]]|publisher=Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-208-X}}*{{citation |last=Sarasvati|first=Swami Dayananda|authorlink=:en:Dayananda Saraswati|title=An English translation of the Satyarth Prakash|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy-vBgAAQBAJ|year=1970|publisher=Swami Dayananda Sarasvati }}*{{citation|first=Kristi L.|last=Wiley|authorlink=|title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism|location={{link-en|拉纳姆 (马里兰州)|Lanham, Maryland|Lanham, Maryland}}|publisher={{link-en|莱曼和赖特菲尔德|Rowman & Littlefield|Rowman & Littlefield|Scarecrow Press}}|year=1 January 2004|isbn=0-8108-5051-6}}*{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley|title=The A to Z of Jainism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC&pg=PA5|year= 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2|ref=harv}}* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |authorlink=:en:Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[伦敦|London]], E.C. 4 |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 |quote={{PD-notice}} }}* {{citation |last=Sunavala|first=A.J.|title=Adarsha Sadhu: An Ideal Monk |date=1934|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-62386-6|edition=First paperback edition, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilFkAgAAQBAJ }}* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Champat Rai |authorlink=:en:Champat Rai Jain |title=Jainism, Christianity and Science |publisher=The Indian Press, Allahabad |date=1930 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=emsrAAAAIAAJ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/JainismChristianityAndScience |archive-date=2015 |ref={{sfnref|Champat Rai Jain|1930}} }}* {{citation |last=Jacobi|first=Hermann|authorlink=:en:Hermann Jacobi|editor=[[馬克斯·繆勒|F. Max Müller]]|title=The Kalpa Sūtra|publisher=The Clarendon Press|date=1884|location=Oxford|language=en|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2200.htm|series={{link-en|东方的圣经|Sacred Books of the East|Sacred Books of the East}}|isbn=0-7007-1538-X }} ''Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1884 reprint''{{refend}} == 外部連結 ==  * [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/ Harvard Pluralism Project: Jainism]  [[Category:宗教相關人物]][[Category:印度人]][[Category:印度哲学家]][[Category:耆那教]][[Category:宗教創始人]]