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伐達摩那
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{{Infobox person| name = <h4 style="background:#0088dd; color:#ffffff; margin-top:0em; padding:10px 0;">伐達摩那</h4>| image = <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/250px-Mahavir.jpg" width="250" ><br> <br>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%8F%E9%A6%B1%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3 圖片來源wikipedia.org]| image_size = 250px| caption = 筏馱摩那 ，或譯笩駄摩那、伐達摩那（梵語：वर्धमान Vardhamāna，約前599年－前527年，意謂光榮者），原名尼乾陀若提子（Nigaṇṭha jñāta putta），著名古印度宗教思想家，印度列國時代跋耆國人，耆那教 的 創始者，被教徒尊稱為大雄（Mahāvīra，音譯摩訶毘羅，即偉大的英雄）。耆那教相信，他是第24位並且是最後一位蒂爾丹嘉拉（tīrthankara，意謂祖師）。塑像| birth_date = | death_date = | birth_place =| death_place = | known_for = twenty-fourth [[tirthankara]]| predecessor = [[Parshva]]| successor = None| ethnicity = | father=| mother=}}
'''筏馱摩那'''<ref>[https://religion.moi.gov.tw/Knowledge/Content?ci=2&cid=383 全國宗教資訊網.筏馱摩那]</ref>，或譯'''笩駄摩那'''、'''伐達摩那'''（[[梵语]]：{{lang|sa|वर्धमान}} {{IAST|Vardhamāna}}，{{bd|约前599年||前527年<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|title=Mahavira (Jaina teacher) – Encyclopedia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358008/Mahavira|accessdate=2013-06-10 |language=en }}</ref>||catIdx=Vardhamana}}，意謂'''光榮者'''），原名'''尼乾陀若提子'''（{{IAST|Nigaṇṭha jñāta putta}}），著名[[古印度]][[宗教]][[思想家]]，[[印度列国时代]][[跋耆]]国人，[[耆那教]]的創始者，被教徒尊稱為'''大雄'''（{{IAST|Mahāvīra}}，音譯'''摩訶毘羅'''，即'''偉大的英雄'''）。[[耆那教]]相信，他是第24位并且是最后一位[[蒂爾丹嘉拉]]（tīrthankara，意謂'''祖師'''）。 筏馱摩那與 [[ 釋迦牟尼 ]] 生活在同一個時代，且 與 与 釋迦牟尼的生平 類 类 似，筏馱摩那被 [[ 佛教 ]] 歸入 [[ 六師外道 ]]。 ==名稱==[[佛經]]記載，其名為'''尼乾若提子'''，或'''尼乾陀若提子'''。尼乾是他的教派名稱，其名若提子，名字來自其母親<ref>《慧琳音義》：「尼乾陀此-{云}-無繼，是外道總名也。若提-{云}-親友，是母名。」</ref><ref>《玄應音義》：「尼乾或作尼乾陀，應言泥健連他，譯-{云}-不繫也。」</ref>。 ==生平==筏馱摩那的出生地點，自古有許多說法，有三種說法最被人所熟知：包括今天的[[瓦伊沙利縣]]，[[比哈爾邦]][[贾穆伊]]，或是[[王舍城]]附近的[[那爛陀]]。其中[[比哈爾邦]][[贾穆伊]]即是[[十六雄国]]时期[[跋耆]]国首都[[吠舍离]]外45公里的贡得村。 筏馱摩那與釋迦牟尼一樣，是部落[[首領]]的兒子，在良好的環境中長大。三十歲時筏馱摩那放棄了財產、家庭（他有一個妻子和女兒）和舒適的環境，決定出走尋求[[真理]]，追求精神上的覺醒。在之後的十二年半，他透過進行密集的[[冥想]]和深度的[[懺悔]]，最終得到了[[專一知識]]（Kevala Jñāna），也就是最終的啟示。之後，他用餘下的三十年生命遊方傳道，走遍了印度，傳授他的哲學，反對[[種姓制度]]，主張[[和平主義]]，[[反暴力]]，還有[[不殺生]]、[[不妄語]]、[[不偷盜]]、[[不邪淫]]及[[不執着]]的[[五誓言]]。筏馱摩那認為，透过[[禅定]]和自我实现达到了[[觉悟]]的人，他们就是耆那（jina），即[[勝者]]，故稱[[耆那教]]。 西元前527年，筏馱摩那辭世，年七十二。生前有弟子多人，賢者十一人，但只有[[印德拉菩提]]（Indrabhūti）與[[蘇達摩]]（Sudharma）繼續傳道，因為筏馱摩那大多數弟子因修道嚴厲，斷食而死。佛教非常批判此般的苦行。 ==佛教記載==《[[中阿含經]]·尼乾經》中記載了他的學說：{{Cquote|諸尼乾等，如是見、如是說，謂：人所受，皆因本作。若其故[[業]]，因[[苦行]]滅，不造新者，則諸業盡。諸業盡已，則得苦盡，得苦盡已，則得苦邊。<ref>《[[根本說一切有部毘奈耶]]》：「時，實力子，復更往詣尼揵陀慎若低子所，而白之曰：大師！何者是仁所宗法理？於諸弟子以何教誨？勤修梵行獲得何果？彼師答曰：太子！我之所宗，作如是見，作如是說：若諸人等，見有所受苦樂之事，皆由先世所造業因，以苦行力，能除宿業，不造新業，決生死堤，證無漏法，諸業便盡，諸業盡故，諸苦亦盡。」</ref>}} 《[[中阿含經]]·優婆離經（一三三經）》記載，筏馱摩那的死因，可能與其弟子[[優婆離]]改信佛教，他氣極[[吐血]]有關：{{Cquote|尼揵親子問曰：「[[居士]]！汝以何意稱歎[[沙門]][[釋迦牟尼|瞿曇]]耶？」優婆離居士報曰：「[[尊者|尊人]]！聽我說喻，慧者聞喻則解其義。猶善鬘師、鬘師弟子採種種華，以長綖結作種種鬘。如是，尊人！如來、無所著、等正覺，有無量稱歎，我之所尊，以故稱歎。」說此法時。優婆離居士遠塵離垢，諸法法眼生。尼揵親子即吐熱血。至波和國。以此惡患。尋便命終 。}} 此一說法亦未存在於記錄筏馱摩那行止的耆那教經典如《劫波經》、《十二支經》等內容中，因為佛教與耆那教起於同時期，並在思想上處於競爭關係，故此說法存疑。 ==註釋與引用=={{reflist|2}} ==參考文獻== * {{citation |last=Shah|first=Umakant Premanand|title=Mahavira Jaina teacher|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahavira-Jaina-teacher|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|date=14 May 2015}}* {{citation |last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara|year=2015|publisher=Vikalp Printers|isbn=978-81-903639-7-6|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xI8HBgAAQBAJ|quote={{PD-notice}}}}* {{citation |last=von Dehsen |first=Christian |title=Philosophers and Religious Leaders |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=[[羅德里奇|Routledge]] |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 }}* {{Citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC&pg=PR14|title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya| isbn=9788190363945|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|year=2012|quote={{PD-notice}}}}* {{citation |editor=[[约翰·高登·梅尔敦|J. 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Max Müller]]|title=The Kalpa Sūtra|publisher=The Clarendon Press|date=1884|location=Oxford|language=en|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2200.htm|series={{link-en|东方的圣经|Sacred Books of the East|Sacred Books of the East}}|isbn=0-7007-1538-X }} ''Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1884 reprint''{{refend}} == 外部連結 == * [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/ Harvard Pluralism Project: Jainism] [[Category:宗教相關人物]][[Category:印度人]][[Category:印度哲学家]][[Category:耆那教]][[Category:宗教創始人]]