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伐达摩那 | |
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图片来源wikipedia.org 筏驮摩那的塑像 | |
知名于 | twenty-fourth tirthankara |
前任 | Parshva |
继任 | None |
筏驮摩那[1],或译笩駄摩那、伐达摩那(梵语:वर्धमान Vardhamāna,约前599年-前527年[2],意谓光荣者),原名尼乾陀若提子(Nigaṇṭha jñāta putta),著名古印度宗教思想家,印度列国时代跋耆国人,耆那教的创始者,被教徒尊称为大雄(Mahāvīra,音译摩诃毘罗,即伟大的英雄)。耆那教相信,他是第24位并且是最后一位蒂尔丹嘉拉(tīrthankara,意谓祖师)。
筏驮摩那与释迦牟尼生活在同一个时代,且与释迦牟尼的生平类似,筏驮摩那被佛教归入六师外道。
名称
佛经记载,其名为尼干若提子,或尼乾陀若提子。尼干是他的教派名称,其名若提子,名字来自其母亲[3][4]。
生平
筏驮摩那的出生地点,自古有许多说法,有三种说法最被人所熟知:包括今天的瓦伊沙利县,比哈尔邦贾穆伊,或是王舍城附近的那烂陀。其中比哈尔邦贾穆伊即是十六雄国时期跋耆国首都吠舍离外45公里的贡得村。
筏驮摩那与释迦牟尼一样,是部落首领的儿子,在良好的环境中长大。三十岁时筏驮摩那放弃了财产、家庭(他有一个妻子和女儿)和舒适的环境,决定出走寻求真理,追求精神上的觉醒。在之后的十二年半,他透过进行密集的冥想和深度的忏悔,最终得到了专一知识(Kevala Jñāna),也就是最终的启示。之后,他用馀下的三十年生命游方传道,走遍了印度,传授他的哲学,反对种姓制度,主张和平主义,反暴力,还有不杀生、不妄语、不偷盗、不邪淫及不执着的五誓言。筏驮摩那认为,透过禅定和自我实现达到了觉悟的人,他们就是耆那(jina),即胜者,故称耆那教。
西元前527年,筏驮摩那辞世,年七十二。生前有弟子多人,贤者十一人,但只有印德拉菩提(Indrabhūti)与苏达摩(Sudharma)继续传道,因为筏驮摩那大多数弟子因修道严厉,断食而死。佛教非常批判此般的苦行。
佛教记载
《中阿含经·尼干经》中记载了他的学说:
“ | 诸尼干等,如是见、如是说,谓:人所受,皆因本作。若其故业,因苦行灭,不造新者,则诸业尽。诸业尽已,则得苦尽,得苦尽已,则得苦边。[5] | ” |
《中阿含经·优婆离经(一三三经)》记载,筏驮摩那的死因,可能与其弟子优婆离改信佛教,他气极吐血有关:
“ | 尼揵亲子问曰:“居士!汝以何意称叹沙门瞿昙耶?”优婆离居士报曰:“尊人!听我说喻,慧者闻喻则解其义。犹善鬘师、鬘师弟子采种种华,以长𫄧结作种种鬘。如是,尊人!如来、无所著、等正觉,有无量称叹,我之所尊,以故称叹。”说此法时。优婆离居士远尘离垢,诸法法眼生。尼揵亲子即吐热血。至波和国。以此恶患。寻便命终。 | ” |
此一说法亦未存在于记录筏驮摩那行止的耆那教经典如《劫波经》、《十二支经》等内容中,因为佛教与耆那教起于同时期,并在思想上处于竞争关系,故此说法存疑。
注释与引用
- ↑ 全国宗教资讯网.筏驮摩那
- ↑ Mahavira (Jaina teacher) – Encyclopedia Britannica. [2013-06-10] (英语).
- ↑ 《慧琳音义》:“尼乾陀此云无继,是外道总名也。若提云亲友,是母名。”
- ↑ 《玄应音义》:“尼干或作尼乾陀,应言泥健连他,译云不系也。”
- ↑ 《根本说一切有部毘奈耶》:“时,实力子,复更往诣尼揵陀慎若低子所,而白之曰:大师!何者是仁所宗法理?于诸弟子以何教诲?勤修梵行获得何果?彼师答曰:太子!我之所宗,作如是见,作如是说:若诸人等,见有所受苦乐之事,皆由先世所造业因,以苦行力,能除宿业,不造新业,决生死堤,证无漏法,诸业便尽,诸业尽故,诸苦亦尽。”
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