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阿木勒遗址阿木勒遗址Amul.I.ROUTE:AMUL-MERV.

丝绸之路组成部分的名称：阿穆尔

组成部分的简要描述：

1.Name of individual Silk Roads component property:Amul

Brief description of the component property:

阿穆尔位于现代土库曼巴什市郊区的一个古老和中世纪遗址。最早的占领时期可以追溯到公元1至4世纪。当时，它占地约50公顷，是贵霜王国的一部分。从公元4世纪开始，观察到一个危机时期。阿拉伯征服后，阿穆尔得以复兴，并在9世纪成为国际贸易的重要中心之一，这大大促进了城镇的发展。阿穆尔是中阿姆河地区的首都，是丝绸之路的重要交通枢纽。在这里，两条国际路线交汇：陆路和水路。陆路从梅尔夫通往布哈拉和中国，另一条陆路通向北方的花剌子模。第二条路线是阿姆河本身，通过这条河，印度的商品经过阿富汗运抵此地。根据考古数据，当时的阿穆尔由城内的一座城堡（阿尔克）和城外设有三座大门（北门、南门和东门）的外城组成。

Amul is the ancient and medieval site at the outskirts of the modern Turkmenabat city.The most ancient period of occupation refers to the I-IV cc.A.D.At that time it occupied the area of about 50 ha and was a part of Kushanian kingdom.Srating from the IV c.A.D.the period of crisis is observed.After Arabian conquest Amul was revived and by the IX c.became one of the largest centres of international trade which promoted appreciable increase of the town.Amul,the capital of Middle Amudarya region,was an important transit point on the Great Silk Road.Here there were crossed two international routes-land and river ones.The land one led from Merv to Bukhara and China.Another land way led to the north,to Khorezm.The second route was Amudarya itself by which the goods from India through Afghanistan had been delivered.According to archaeological data Amul of that period consisted of shakhristan inside of which there was a citadel(ark),and outer town with 3 gates:northern,southern and eastern ones.

1220年，阿穆尔被蒙古人摧毁。它生命中的下一个重要阶段始于15世纪，当时这个城镇已经被称为哈尔古伊。该镇的规划一直保留到20世纪60年代。

In 1220 Amul was destroyed by Mongols.The next significant stage of its life started in the XV c.when the town had been called already Charjui.The town plan of that period survived practically till 60-ies of the XX c.

阿穆尔查尔久的沙赫里斯坦遗址现在是一个接近正方形的区域，面积约为9公顷。它位于一个高度为21至24米的多米厚的土丘上，高出周围地区。在堡垒的西北角，有一个高达33米、拥有5座塔楼的巨大亚尔克（城堡）。围绕阿穆尔沙赫里斯坦的拉巴德（市区）面积超过了150至175公顷。

Now the remains of shakhristan of Amul-Charjui represents nearly regular quadrangle with the area of 9 ha.It lies on the multi-meter pakhsa massif rising at a height of 21-24 m above surrounding locality.In the north-western corner of the fortress a massive ark(citadel)next to 33 m high with 5 towers is located.Territory of rabad which had surrounded the Amul shakhristan exceeded 150-175 ha.

个人组件财产的真实性和/或完整性声明：

Statement of authenticity and/or integrity of the individual component property:

关于“阿姆尔”这个名字的起源仍在讨论中。它出现在公元七世纪。在历史文献中，还发现了其他名称：“阿穆雅”、“阿穆耶”、“阿穆”。后来，波斯的缩写名称“阿穆”被应用于奥克苏斯-杰伊赫恩河，该河流开始被称为阿姆河。自十五世纪末以来，这个城镇出现了一个新的名字，即恰尔朱伊（或“查尔哈久布——四条河流”），逐渐取代了旧名。关于中世纪阿姆尔-恰尔朱伊的信息可以在一系列作者的作品中找到：阿尔-贝拉祖里（九世纪）、伊本-霍尔达德别克（九世纪）、阿尔-伊斯塔赫里、阿尔-马基迪西、伊本-豪卡尔（十世纪）、雅库特（十三世纪）、穆罕默德·卡西姆（十八世纪）等。

The origin of the name"Amul"is still under discussion.It appears in the VII c.A.D.In historical literature there are found also other its names:"Amuya","Amuye","Amu".Later the Persian abbreviated name"Amu"was applied to the Oxus-Jeikhun river which was started to call Amudarya(Amu-river),Since the late XV c.a new name of the town appears,that Charjui(or"Charkhajub-four streams")which gradually replaces the old one.Informations of the medieval Amul-Charjui are found among a series of authors:al-Belazury(IX c.),ibn-Khordadbekh(IX c.),al-Istakhry,al-Makdisy,ibn-Khaukal(X c.),Yakut(XIII c.),Mukhammed Kazim(XVIII c.)and others.

阿穆尔在历史考古方面几乎未被研究。该遗址的勘探工作由土库曼文化研究所（1931年）和宇航队（1949-1950年）进行。1954年，宇航队进行了历史地形和地层学调查。1990年，中阿姆河探险队（A.A.布尔汗诺夫）开始在阿穆尔遗址进行永久性挖掘。

Amul is practically unstudied in historical-archaeological respect.Prospecting works on the site was carried out by the expedition of the Institute of Turkmen Culture(1931)and by the YuTAKE(1949-50).In 1954 the YuTAKE implemented historical-topographic and stratigraphical investigations.In 1990 the Middle Amudarya expedition(A.A.Burkhanov)started permanent excavations at the Amul site.

在中阿姆河区域除了阿穆尔之外，还有数十个类似的多层遗址，它们的沙赫里斯坦和城堡呈近方形。这些遗址最终形成于后贵霜时期（公元3-4世纪），在蒙古入侵后消失（除了阿穆尔以外）。这些遗址包括贝希尔卡拉、霍贾伊达特卡拉、霍贾冈杜兹卡拉、阿克德佩、阿拉普哈纳、凯克雷利德佩、库特南卡拉、奇什伦卡拉等。

Comparison of the Silk Roads component property:

A)Within the State Party:

Apart from Amul in the zone of the Middle Amudarya there are registered tens of similar multi-layer sites with next to square plan of shakhristans and citadels.They were formed finally during the Late Kushanian period(III-IV cc.A.D.)and were lost(with the exception of Amul')after Mongolian invasion(Beshir-kala,Khoja-Idat-kala,Khoja-Gunduz-kala,Ak-depe,Arapkhana,Kekreli-depe,Kutnam-kala,Chishlen-kala and others.

在古代和中世纪，阿姆河在相邻地区人民的生活中扮演了关键角色，它是农业的基础，也是中亚主要的交通和贸易动脉。它还是生活在其左岸和右岸人民之间的连接元素。许多成对的城镇要塞（位于河两岸）的出现和发展首先与有利的地理位置有关，在这些地方有水道。大型定居点通常位于阿姆河的左岸，而小型前哨则位于其右岸。例如：阿穆尔和法拉普（当时为比提克）、泽姆和克尔基奇、霍贾-伊达特-卡莱和纳维达赫等（在土库曼斯坦），以及……

B)在更广泛的地缘政治区域：

阿伊-汗努姆和科库尔斯定居点，塔赫蒂-库巴德和塔赫蒂-桑吉恩（在阿富汗），塔什库扎尔和老铁木尔（在乌兹别克斯坦）。

TM-01 阿穆尔定居点 N 39°1'8,400"，E 63°35'28,619"

TM-01 阿穆尔定居点

阿穆尔是丝绸之路上位于阿姆河左岸相对狭窄的农业地带内的霍拉桑主要城市中心之一。它是中阿姆河地区行政和文化中心，位于阿姆河的一个方便的渡口处，适合船只或冰上通行，控制着重要的河流渡口。这条路线从战略上看是最有效的：向东通往布哈拉和普伊肯特，沿着泽拉夫尚河；向南，穿越卡拉库姆沙漠最短的路线到达穆尔加布三角洲和梅尔夫。那里的调查发掘记录了自公元一世纪至19世纪的连续居住。

During ancient and medieval times Amudarya river played a key part in the life of the population of adjoining territories as the basis of agriculture and the main transport and trade artery in Middle Asia.It was also a linking element for the peoples living on its left and right banks.Emergence and development of many pair towns-fortresses(laying on both river banks)was connected,first of all,with the favourable geographic location-in the places of water crossing.Large settlements were usually situated on the left bank of Amudarya,while small advanced posts-on its right bank.Such were,for example:Amul and Farap(then Bityk),Zemm and Kerkichi,Khodja-Idat-kala and Navidakh etc.(in Turkmenistan)as well as...

B)Within the wider geo-political region:

Ay-Khanum and Kokul'settlement,Takhti-Kubad and Takhti-Sanghin(in Afghanistan),Tashguzar and Old Termez in Uzbekistan.

TM-01 Amul settlement N 39°1'8,400",E 63°35'28,619"

TM-01 Amul settlement

Amul is one of the main urban centres of Khorasan on the Silk Roads located within a relatively narrow strip of agricultural land along the left bank of Amu Darya.It was the administrative and cultural center of middle Amu Darya region.Situated at a convenient crossing place of the Amu Darya river,suitable for passage on boats or on ice,it controlled the vital river crossing.This was strategically the most effective route:to the east to Bukhara and Poykent,along the Zarafshan river;and to the east,the shortest crossing of the Karakum Desert to the Murghab delta and Merv.The survey excavations there document its continuous occupation since first centuries CE till 19th century.

距查尔周城南12公里处的古阿姆河重要渡口阿木勒(Amul)遗址，这里是古时从粟特布哈拉前往波斯的要津。