木勒遺址檢視原始碼討論檢視歷史

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阿木勒遺址阿木勒遺址Amul.I.ROUTE:AMUL-MERV.

絲綢之路組成部分的名稱：阿穆爾

組成部分的簡要描述：

1.Name of individual Silk Roads component property:Amul

Brief description of the component property:

阿穆爾位於現代土庫曼巴什市郊區的一個古老和中世紀遺址。最早的占領時期可以追溯到公元1至4世紀。當時，它占地約50公頃，是貴霜王國的一部分。從公元4世紀開始，觀察到一個危機時期。阿拉伯征服後，阿穆爾得以復興，並在9世紀成為國際貿易的重要中心之一，這大大促進了城鎮的發展。阿穆爾是中阿姆河地區的首都，是絲綢之路的重要交通樞紐。在這裡，兩條國際路線交匯：陸路和水路。陸路從梅爾夫通往布哈拉和中國，另一條陸路通向北方的花剌子模。第二條路線是阿姆河本身，通過這條河，印度的商品經過阿富汗運抵此地。根據考古數據，當時的阿穆爾由城內的一座城堡（阿爾克）和城外設有三座大門（北門、南門和東門）的外城組成。

Amul is the ancient and medieval site at the outskirts of the modern Turkmenabat city.The most ancient period of occupation refers to the I-IV cc.A.D.At that time it occupied the area of about 50 ha and was a part of Kushanian kingdom.Srating from the IV c.A.D.the period of crisis is observed.After Arabian conquest Amul was revived and by the IX c.became one of the largest centres of international trade which promoted appreciable increase of the town.Amul,the capital of Middle Amudarya region,was an important transit point on the Great Silk Road.Here there were crossed two international routes-land and river ones.The land one led from Merv to Bukhara and China.Another land way led to the north,to Khorezm.The second route was Amudarya itself by which the goods from India through Afghanistan had been delivered.According to archaeological data Amul of that period consisted of shakhristan inside of which there was a citadel(ark),and outer town with 3 gates:northern,southern and eastern ones.

1220年，阿穆爾被蒙古人摧毀。它生命中的下一個重要階段始於15世紀，當時這個城鎮已經被稱為哈爾古伊。該鎮的規劃一直保留到20世紀60年代。

In 1220 Amul was destroyed by Mongols.The next significant stage of its life started in the XV c.when the town had been called already Charjui.The town plan of that period survived practically till 60-ies of the XX c.

阿穆爾查爾久的沙赫里斯坦遺址現在是一個接近正方形的區域，面積約為9公頃。它位於一個高度為21至24米的多米厚的土丘上，高出周圍地區。在堡壘的西北角，有一個高達33米、擁有5座塔樓的巨大亞爾克（城堡）。圍繞阿穆爾沙赫里斯坦的拉巴德（市區）面積超過了150至175公頃。

Now the remains of shakhristan of Amul-Charjui represents nearly regular quadrangle with the area of 9 ha.It lies on the multi-meter pakhsa massif rising at a height of 21-24 m above surrounding locality.In the north-western corner of the fortress a massive ark(citadel)next to 33 m high with 5 towers is located.Territory of rabad which had surrounded the Amul shakhristan exceeded 150-175 ha.

個人組件財產的真實性和/或完整性聲明：

Statement of authenticity and/or integrity of the individual component property:

關於「阿姆爾」這個名字的起源仍在討論中。它出現在公元七世紀。在歷史文獻中，還發現了其他名稱：「阿穆雅」、「阿穆耶」、「阿穆」。後來，波斯的縮寫名稱「阿穆」被應用於奧克蘇斯-傑伊赫恩河，該河流開始被稱為阿姆河。自十五世紀末以來，這個城鎮出現了一個新的名字，即恰爾朱伊（或「查爾哈久布——四條河流」），逐漸取代了舊名。關於中世紀阿姆爾-恰爾朱伊的信息可以在一系列作者的作品中找到：阿爾-貝拉祖里（九世紀）、伊本-霍爾達德別克（九世紀）、阿爾-伊斯塔赫里、阿爾-馬基迪西、伊本-豪卡爾（十世紀）、雅庫特（十三世紀）、穆罕默德·卡西姆（十八世紀）等。

The origin of the name"Amul"is still under discussion.It appears in the VII c.A.D.In historical literature there are found also other its names:"Amuya","Amuye","Amu".Later the Persian abbreviated name"Amu"was applied to the Oxus-Jeikhun river which was started to call Amudarya(Amu-river),Since the late XV c.a new name of the town appears,that Charjui(or"Charkhajub-four streams")which gradually replaces the old one.Informations of the medieval Amul-Charjui are found among a series of authors:al-Belazury(IX c.),ibn-Khordadbekh(IX c.),al-Istakhry,al-Makdisy,ibn-Khaukal(X c.),Yakut(XIII c.),Mukhammed Kazim(XVIII c.)and others.

阿穆爾在歷史考古方面幾乎未被研究。該遺址的勘探工作由土庫曼文化研究所（1931年）和宇航隊（1949-1950年）進行。1954年，宇航隊進行了歷史地形和地層學調查。1990年，中阿姆河探險隊（A.A.布爾汗諾夫）開始在阿穆爾遺址進行永久性挖掘。

Amul is practically unstudied in historical-archaeological respect.Prospecting works on the site was carried out by the expedition of the Institute of Turkmen Culture(1931)and by the YuTAKE(1949-50).In 1954 the YuTAKE implemented historical-topographic and stratigraphical investigations.In 1990 the Middle Amudarya expedition(A.A.Burkhanov)started permanent excavations at the Amul site.

在中阿姆河區域除了阿穆爾之外，還有數十個類似的多層遺址，它們的沙赫里斯坦和城堡呈近方形。這些遺址最終形成於後貴霜時期（公元3-4世紀），在蒙古入侵後消失（除了阿穆爾以外）。這些遺址包括貝希爾卡拉、霍賈伊達特卡拉、霍賈岡杜茲卡拉、阿克德佩、阿拉普哈納、凱克雷利德佩、庫特南卡拉、奇什倫卡拉等。

Comparison of the Silk Roads component property:

A)Within the State Party:

Apart from Amul in the zone of the Middle Amudarya there are registered tens of similar multi-layer sites with next to square plan of shakhristans and citadels.They were formed finally during the Late Kushanian period(III-IV cc.A.D.)and were lost(with the exception of Amul')after Mongolian invasion(Beshir-kala,Khoja-Idat-kala,Khoja-Gunduz-kala,Ak-depe,Arapkhana,Kekreli-depe,Kutnam-kala,Chishlen-kala and others.

在古代和中世紀，阿姆河在相鄰地區人民的生活中扮演了關鍵角色，它是農業的基礎，也是中亞主要的交通和貿易動脈。它還是生活在其左岸和右岸人民之間的連接元素。許多成對的城鎮要塞（位於河兩岸）的出現和發展首先與有利的地理位置有關，在這些地方有水道。大型定居點通常位於阿姆河的左岸，而小型前哨則位於其右岸。例如：阿穆爾和法拉普（當時為比提克）、澤姆和克爾基奇、霍賈-伊達特-卡萊和納維達赫等（在土庫曼斯坦），以及……

B)在更廣泛的地緣政治區域：

阿伊-汗努姆和科庫爾斯定居點，塔赫蒂-庫巴德和塔赫蒂-桑吉恩（在阿富汗），塔什庫扎爾和老鐵木爾（在烏茲別克斯坦）。

TM-01 阿穆爾定居點 N 39°1'8,400"，E 63°35'28,619"

TM-01 阿穆爾定居點

阿穆爾是絲綢之路上位於阿姆河左岸相對狹窄的農業地帶內的霍拉桑主要城市中心之一。它是中阿姆河地區行政和文化中心，位於阿姆河的一個方便的渡口處，適合船隻或冰上通行，控制着重要的河流渡口。這條路線從戰略上看是最有效的：向東通往布哈拉和普伊肯特，沿着澤拉夫尚河；向南，穿越卡拉庫姆沙漠最短的路線到達穆爾加布三角洲和梅爾夫。那裡的調查發掘記錄了自公元一世紀至19世紀的連續居住。

During ancient and medieval times Amudarya river played a key part in the life of the population of adjoining territories as the basis of agriculture and the main transport and trade artery in Middle Asia.It was also a linking element for the peoples living on its left and right banks.Emergence and development of many pair towns-fortresses(laying on both river banks)was connected,first of all,with the favourable geographic location-in the places of water crossing.Large settlements were usually situated on the left bank of Amudarya,while small advanced posts-on its right bank.Such were,for example:Amul and Farap(then Bityk),Zemm and Kerkichi,Khodja-Idat-kala and Navidakh etc.(in Turkmenistan)as well as...

B)Within the wider geo-political region:

Ay-Khanum and Kokul'settlement,Takhti-Kubad and Takhti-Sanghin(in Afghanistan),Tashguzar and Old Termez in Uzbekistan.

TM-01 Amul settlement N 39°1'8,400",E 63°35'28,619"

TM-01 Amul settlement

Amul is one of the main urban centres of Khorasan on the Silk Roads located within a relatively narrow strip of agricultural land along the left bank of Amu Darya.It was the administrative and cultural center of middle Amu Darya region.Situated at a convenient crossing place of the Amu Darya river,suitable for passage on boats or on ice,it controlled the vital river crossing.This was strategically the most effective route:to the east to Bukhara and Poykent,along the Zarafshan river;and to the east,the shortest crossing of the Karakum Desert to the Murghab delta and Merv.The survey excavations there document its continuous occupation since first centuries CE till 19th century.

距查爾周城南12公里處的古阿姆河重要渡口阿木勒(Amul)遺址，這裡是古時從粟特布哈拉前往波斯的要津。