從句檢視原始碼討論檢視歷史
| 從句 | |
|---|---|
從句，是複句中具有分屬地位的分句，它是一種絕大部分語言都有的語法結構。在現代漢語的語法中，"從句"不作為專業術語被使用。
在現代英語的語法中，從句指複合句中不能獨立成句，但具有主語部分和謂語部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which等引導詞(Connective)引導的非主句部分。現在中國教育的"從句"二字常指現代英語的從句結構，故以下只列出現代英語的從句。[1]
目錄
從句體系
從句體系包括:
第一，名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句及同位語從句)
第二，定語從句
第三，狀語從句
分類
從句不能單獨成句，但它也有主語部分和謂語部分，是一個特殊句子，就像一個句子一樣。所不同在於，從句須由一個關聯詞(connective)引導。
根據從句語法功能的不同可分為:主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句6類。
前四類由於主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句及同位語從句在句子的功用相當於名詞，所以通稱名詞性從句;
定語從句功能相當於形容詞，稱為形容詞性從句;[2]
而狀語從句功能相當於副詞，稱為副詞性從句。狀語從句還可以分為條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句、地點狀語從句、目的狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較狀語從句、方式狀語從句、結果狀語從句和時間狀語從句。
主語從句(Subject Clause)
用作主語的從句叫主語從句。引導主語從句的關聯詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。
表語從句(Predicative Clause)
用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。引導表語從句的關聯詞與引導主語從句的關聯詞很多都一樣。
賓語從句(Object Clause)
在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為三類:動詞的賓語從句、介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。
同位語從句
是名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句)中的主要從句之一，從句作同位語表示與之同位的名詞(短語)的實際內容，它的作用相當於名詞，對前面的名詞(短語)加以補充說明或進一步解釋，相當於一個表語從句，它們之間的關係就是同位關係，即主表關係。
定語從句
是由關係代詞或關係副詞引導的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分，相當於形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞後面。
狀語從句
可分為:
時間狀語從句(adverbial clause of time) 地點狀語從句(adverbial clause of place) 原因狀語從句(adverbial clause of cause) 條件狀語從句(adverbial clause of condition) 目的狀語從句(adverbial clause of purpose) 讓步狀語從句(adverbial clause of concession) 比較狀語從句(adverbial clause of comparison) 方式狀語從句(adverbial clause of manner) 結果狀語從句(adverbial clause of result) 德語中的從句
狀語從句和賓語從句均用 Dass 來引導
主語從句
在複合句中充當主語成分的句子叫做主語從句。常規主語從句，即句子在複合句中充當一個主語。主語從句的時態:不受主句的時態影響和限制。
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. Whom we must study foris a question of great importance. What caused the accident remains unknown. Whatever you didis right. Who the watch belongs tois unknown. What we need is time. What we need are good doctors. 主語從句小結:
引導主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。 連詞位於句首不能省略。 主語從句大多數情況下視為第三人稱單數，但也有例外，如例(9) 注意:當what引導的名詞性分句作主語時，主謂一致問題極為複雜。著名學者周海中教授在論文《關於what-分句作主語的主謂一致問題》中就這一問題做了深入研究，並給出了10種的主謂一致關係。這些一致關係值得英語學習者和使用者特別注意。
表語從句
連接表語從句的連接詞有:that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等。還有如because, as if, though等。
He has become a teacher.
他已經成為一名教師。
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
他已經成為了他10 年前想成為的職業。
His suggestion is good.
他的建議是好的。
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建議是，我們應該保持冷靜。
The question is confusing.
這個問題令人困惑。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
問題是，他什麼時候可以到達酒店。
賓語從句
定義
賓語從句就是一個句子作動詞或介詞的賓語。賓語從句在複合句中作賓語，位於及物動詞後。
Tell him which class you are in.
Do you know what he likes?
賓語從句的分類
A 、作動詞的賓語:
e.g.I heard the news.
I (主語) heard (謂語動詞) the news.名詞作賓語
I (主語) heard (謂語動詞) that he would come here later on.一個句子作賓語---賓語從句
B 、作介詞的賓語:
e.g.He said nothing about the plan.
He (主語) said (謂語動詞) nothing (代詞作動詞的賓語) about (介詞) the plan. 名詞作介詞的賓語
C、 做有動詞意義的形容詞的賓語
e.g.I'm afraid that I can't win.
賓語從句三要素
1:語序
賓語從句必須用陳述語序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
【注】否定前移，及完成反義疑問句;
在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等動詞後跟賓語從句否定式時，可以轉移到主句上去，完成反意疑問句時，應與從句主、謂保持一致。(注: 否定前移的條件是，主句主語是第一人稱)
I don't think you are right,are you?
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they?
Bad: I think he doesn't like the English teacher.
Good: I don't think he likes the English teacher.
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
【注】在表示建議suggest,advise;要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose; 決定 decide; 命令 order、command; 堅決主張 insist; 等動詞後跟賓語從句，用(should)+v.(虛擬語氣)。
I suggested that you(should)study hard.
He ordered that we should go out at once.
【注】如果賓語從句後有賓語補足語，用it作形式賓語，把賓語從句後置。
You may think it strange that he would live there.
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
2:連接詞
帶有賓語從句的複合句就是用連接詞把一個主句和一個賓語從句連接在一起。連接詞有:that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how。
1.從句為陳述句，常選擇連接詞that或將that省略，直接與主句相連。
【注】that常在以下情況下不能省略:
(1. 當that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等動詞的賓語時;
(2.當賓語從句較長時;
(3.當主語狀語置於主句尾，賓語從句之前時;
(4.當主語謂語動詞(包括非謂語動詞)與賓語從句之間有插入語時;
(5.當一個動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時，此時第一個that可以省略，第二個that不可以省略;
(6.當賓語從句中的主語是this,that或this,that做主語的定語時;
(7.當賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時;
(8.當賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句時;
(9.當主語中的謂語動詞是固定詞組時;
(10.當賓語從句有it做其先行詞時;
(11.在直接引語中，轉述分句把賓語從句隔開時。
2.從句為一般疑問句，常選擇連接詞if或whether。在whether…or not結構中不能用if替換。
【注】if/whether區別
①if和whether在作"是否"解時，引導賓語從句常放在動詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之後，介詞後一般不用if
②少數動詞，如:leave,put,discuss,doubt後的賓語從句常用whether.
③whether後可以加or not,但是if不可以。
④在不定式前只能用whether。
如:I can't decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。
⑤避免歧異時，我們常用whether而不用if.
3.從句為特殊疑問句，常選擇what,when,where,which,why，who,how等的疑問代、副詞作連接詞。
★當who為主語時，句式為:who+謂語+其他
3:時態
1.主句是一般現在時，從句時態不變。
He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
They know (that) he is working hard.
2.主句是一般過去時，從句為各種相應過去時態。
He answered that he was listening to me.
3.主句是一般將來時，一般從句為一般現在時("主將從現")。
4. 當從句所敘述的事實為一個定理或客觀存在時，無論主句是什麼時態，從句均用一般現在時。但與人有關的均不是定理。
He told me that he was a boy. (雖然性別是客觀存在的，但"男""女"也是人為定義的，故非第4種情況)
Father told me that practice makes perfect. (所敘述的事實為一個定理，用一般現在時)
例題
The teacher told the children that the sun ____ round.A. was B. is C. were D. are選B，因其陳述為無可爭議的客觀事實。 I believe that our team ____ the basketball match.A. win B. won C. will win D. wins選B或C ，這既是講話人現在對將來情況的主觀推測，也是對未來發生動作的肯定。 The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school.A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where選B，動詞reach後接賓語從句，從句缺少賓語，where不可，which引導賓語從句時表疑問含義"哪一個"而此句中並非疑問含義，不知道哪一座廟宇，而是用what從句表陳述含義，意"過去的一座舊廟宇";temple後為對其修飾的定語從句，用關係代詞which代替，並在從句中作動詞used的賓語。(注:use sth. as譯為"把…用作")
連接詞
①從屬連詞
連接賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有that，if，whether.that引導表示陳述句的賓語從句，而if和whether引導表示"是否"的賓語從句。
例句:
He told me that he would go to the college next year.
他告訴我他下一年上大學。
I don't know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否還會有公交車。
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
沒人知道他是否會通過考試。
②連接代詞
連接代詞主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。
連接代詞一般指疑問，但what,whatever除了指疑問外，也可以指陳述。
例句:
Do you know who has won 'Red Alert' game?
你知道誰贏了這一局紅警遊戲嗎?
I don't know whom you should depend on.
我不知道你該依靠誰.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
這本書會告訴你最好的執行總裁該了解些什麼.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你決定好是買諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎?
③連接副詞
連接副詞主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。
例句:
He didn't tell me when we should meet again.
他沒有告訴我什麼時候我們能再見面。
Could you please tell me how you use the new software?
你能給我展示怎麼用這個新的軟件嗎?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
沒人知道這些的新的零件在哪裡能買到。
同位語從句
與先行詞同位或等同的從句叫作同位語從句。其關聯詞多為that。
同位語從句用法比較"固定",把關鍵的幾個詞背下來(下面這個材料供參考):
一、在複合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞後面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內容，如:
I heard the news that our team had won.
我聽到了我們隊獲勝的消息。
I had no idea that you were here.
我不知道你在這裡。
二、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words(消息)，possibility等。如:
I've come from Mr wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.
我從王先生那裡來，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了。
三、英語中引導同位語從句的詞中有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。(注:if 不能引導同位語從句。)如:
l have no idea When he will be back.
我不知道他什麼時候回來。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個問題。
四、有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞後面，而被別的詞隔開。如:
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.
幾年以後，有消息傳來說拿破崙要親自視 察他們。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
他突然想起可能敵人已經逃出城了。
五、同位語從句與定語從句的區別。
1.同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關係，即說明它前面名詞的內容;而定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關係，即限定它前面的名詞範圍，或補充一些情況。如:
The news that l have passed the exam is true.
我通過了考試這一消息是真的。
(同位語從句，即從句所表達的意思就是前面名詞的內容。)
The news that he told me just now is true.
他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。
(定語從句，從句對前面名詞起修飾限制作用，即"他告訴我的"那個消息，而不是別的消息。)
2.引導同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當任何成份，而引導定語從句的that是關係代詞，除起連接作用外，還在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語等。如:
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
計算機能夠識別人的聲音的想法使許多人感到驚奇。
(that在從句中不充當任何成份。)
The idea that he gave surprises many people.
他提出的觀點令許多人感到吃驚。
(that在從句中作gave的賓語。)
一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾，限定或說明，這個名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，並常常緊挨在一起。
1) 非獨立的同位語:常出現在被限定詞前
Bruce Lee (姓名)李小龍
Graf Schmidt (稱號，渾名) 施密特伯爵
Doctor Wang (職稱，頭銜) 王博士
Uncel Liu (親戚的稱呼) 劉叔叔
die Stadt Shanghai (類屬名稱) 上海市
the Province Hebei (類屬名稱)河北省
das Jahr 2000 (類屬名稱) 2000 年
three Kilo tomato (度量名稱) 三公斤西紅柿
the University Bremen (專有名詞) 不來梅大學
國際上另一種分法為關係從句
關係從句(relative clause)
關係從句的理解與翻譯
人們習慣稱由關係代詞that，which，who，whom，whose和關係副詞when，where等引導的從句為"定語從句"，認為這種從句的功能同漢語定語相當，只不過英語的定語從句後置，漢語的定語前置罷了。但隨着對語言認識的不斷深入，人們發現很多這樣的從句不能用定語來翻譯。讓我們先看一例:
Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.
若拘泥於"簡短的定語從句可譯為漢語前置定語"的觀點，該句子就可能會被譯為:
"肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的醫院。"
譯文聽上去荒謬可笑，仿佛送醫院的目的是為了"很快就死"，這顯然有悖原意。這裡"where"起過渡連接的作用，相當於"and there"，在語義上屬另一新層次，絕無修飾，更無限制"怎樣的醫院"之意。從句中"died"這一動作發生於主句中"was rushed"的動作之後，進一步交待了事情發展的結果。可見，這種結構難用"定語從句"來解釋。因此有的語言學家主張將這種句子籠統稱為"關係從句"。這種正名有利於我們擺脫"定語"的吏縛，深入分析該類從句形形色色的內在關係。所以，例1應譯為:
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家醫院，在那裡他很快就死了。
讓我們再多看幾個例子:
1. When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.
傑克·倫敦還是小孩時，他寫的一些作文就受到老師的讚賞。
(不宜譯為:……他就寫受到老師讚揚的作文。)
2. I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.
我遇到了那位船夫，他將我渡到對岸。
(不宜譯為:我遇到那位將我渡到對岸的船夫。)
3. While they were waiting there,a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild,hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.
他們正在那兒等時，從路邊一幢房屋竄出的一條狗開始狂吠不止，直到有人出來喝住，它才停下來。
(不宜譯為:……一條狗開始了直到有人出來喝住才停止的狂吠。)
4. In the torchlight，he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines,our local grocer.
借着電筒的亮光，他看見一個人影，馬上認出是當地雜貨商比爾·威爾金斯。
(不宜譯為:……他看見馬上認出的是當地雜貨商比爾·威爾金斯的影子。)
我們知道，漢語由於缺乏關係代詞、關係連詞等連接手段，通常只有以時間或邏輯為軸線安排句子，對語序的依賴性極大，如果把後發生的事做前置定語就會顯得很好笑，如"送到一家很快就死的醫院""寫受老師讚揚的作文"。而英語的連接手段相當豐富，構成信息焦點的中心詞後面可馬上由關係代詞引導從句補充信息，從句中需補充信息的名詞後又衍生出二度、三度……從句，但仍能使人感到句子層次清楚。如:
5. The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.
遇到這種一個從句扣一個從句的句子，漢語只有以簡馭繁:斷句。譯為:
蛇吃癩蛤蟆，癩蛤蟆吃蟲子，蟲子吃生長在樹枝上的綠葉子。
此外，讀者也許注意到了:在1、2、3、4、5例中，拋開關係代詞等結構不管，我們可明顯察覺英語、漢語的語序同事件發生的時間順序基本一致，這無疑是翻譯轉換的極好基礎，只需在關係代詞處斷句，省掉關係代詞，必要的話重複一下名詞，照原文順序翻譯即可。那麼如果主、從句中謂語的動作是持續性的，或時序不清楚又怎麼樣呢?請看例句:
6. He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.
他是教授，這學期在幾所大學兼課。
7 All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,for they were unlike any people had ever known.
這段時期我一直和一對年輕夫婦同住在一塊兒，這對夫婦使我很感興趣，因為他們同我以前所認識的人都不一樣。
以上兩例中主句傳遞了主要信息，從句傳遞了輔助信息，從另一側面加以補充描述，或提供某種必要的背景知識，關係代詞則起停頓、銜接、過渡的作用，使語義發展順利進人另一層次，我們似乎察覺不到這些從句跟中心詞之間有何限制或修飾關係。
有時關係代詞和關係副詞還體現了主、從句間的某種邏輯關係，不能簡單地視為"代替"某個名詞而同時接續從句的詞。如:
8. In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed. (who… ≈ when he…)
1906年，皮埃爾在橫穿馬路時被車壓死了。
9. Dr. Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once. (who was… ≈ though he was)
白求恩大夫剛到時雖然很累，但他立即便開始工作。
10. We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)
我們知道，由於貓眼能比人眼吸收更多的光線，所以貓在夜裡也能看得很清楚。
11. He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. (who… ≈ if he…)
(誰如果)只守城堡而不往遠處看，(那他)就是目光短淺的指揮官。
12. There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (that… ≈ so that the Plan…)
此方案新穎，有獨創性，有魄力，(所以)他們都喜歡。
以上五例中，關係代詞、副詞在特定語境表示了時間、讓步、原因、條件、結果等邏輯關係，意義上相當於狀語從句，翻譯時也當然不能譯為定語。另外，11、12兩句的漢譯中括號里的漢字省掉後意思仍然清楚而且顯得更簡潔、緊湊，這也是我們在翻譯時應該考慮的。
傳統語法囿於"定語從句"的觀念，以關係代詞前有無逗號為準，機械地將關係從句分為"限制性定語從句"和"非限制性定語從句"，這是很不全面的。我們應該深入理解原文的深層意思，尊重漢語的習慣，才能翻譯出正確、地道的譯文。
定語從句
用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般皆放在被它所修飾的名(代)詞之後，這種名(代)詞就叫作先行詞(Antecedent)。引導定語從句的關聯詞為關係代詞(或稱引導詞、關係詞等)。關係代詞在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等;關係副詞在定語從句中用作狀語。
①引導定語從句的關聯詞有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why 和 which. 在非限制定語從句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整個句子，多用which.
例句:
The dog that/which was lost has been found. (失蹤的狗已經找到了。)
Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting. (有人認為那些對這個提案有興趣的人最好是在會後再具體討論它。)
There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless. (存在着許多旨在幫助無家可歸者的組織。)
The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed. (那種必須依賴羊毛，棉花或者蠶絲做衣服的日子已經過去了。)
Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low. (空氣從壓強高的地方流向壓強低的地方。)
This is the reason why he refused to help us. (這就是他拒絕幫助我們的原因。)
He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country. (他出生於1976年，這一年這個城鎮發生了地震。)
They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us. (他們對受苦人們的漠視激怒了我們。)
② 當引導定語從句的先行詞前有all,any,no,little,much,very first等詞，或先行詞前為形容詞最高級所修飾時，或先行詞為all,anything,nothing,something,everything時，從句的引導詞只能用that.
The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday. (孩子們唯一關心的是他們什麼時候放假?)
These are the very points that puzzle me. (真正困擾我的是這些觀點。)
Is there anything that bothers you? (有什麼事煩着你嗎?)
This is the best film that was ever produced by the company. (這部是那個公司有史以來拍攝得最好的電影。)
③as 可做引導詞引導定語從句，多和such,the same 連用. As 引導的定語從句也可修飾整個句子，既可放在先行詞後，也可放在句子開頭.
例句:
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.(你描述的那一類人現在很少了。)
The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.(那個男孩被一輛摩托軋過去了，這種事在解放前的上海是不少見的。)
As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.(正如往常一樣，這個女孩又忘了帶上字典。)
We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.(我們是反對這種毫無事實根據的想法的。)
④介詞+which/whom/whose從句
The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.(她就是從那個司機的房間偷了金表的。)
Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.(語言就是人們用來和其他人交流的一種工具。)
Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.(Jane整整一晚上都在談論着她最近的課本，那些內容我們聞所未聞。)
例題:
Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.
a. where b. that c. with which d. as soon as
⑤代/名+介詞+which 從句
He is needing a book,the name of which I don't know.(他需要一本書，但是我不知道書名。)
In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.(在工廠里，在我們的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其實這些垃圾在某種情況下是可以轉變為有用的東西的。)
To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.(為了能夠客觀地測試，老師寫了一串問題唯一的答案。)
⑥同位語從句和定語從句
The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.(他被哈佛大學錄取的消息非常令人興奮。)
The news that you told me was really exciting.(你告訴我的這個消息真的是很激動人心。)
⑦ 難句:
NO.1 He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.(他是被選為代表該團隊的人中一員。)
NO.2 He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.(他是那些男孩中唯一一個願意再接受任務的人。)
NO.3 I shall never forget the day when we first met.(我永遠也不會忘記我們第一次見面的那一天。)
NO.4 I remember the morning when he first came to school.(我記得早上，當他第一次來到學校的時候。)
NO.4 I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.(我永遠不會忘記我在農村度過的日子。)
NO.5 The room where he lived is kept in good repair.(他住的房間保持着良好的狀態。)
NO.6 Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.(館長在地窖里找到一個地方使用,作為他第一次實驗的實驗室。)
NO.7 The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.(以何種方式/這就是你回答的他所提出的問題，令人欽佩。)
狀語從句
用作狀語的從句叫作狀語從句，其關聯詞是一些從屬連詞。修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞和副詞，通常由從屬連詞引導，按其意義和作用可分為時間、地點、 條件、 原因、讓步、目的、結果、 方式、比較狀語從句等。
時間狀語
1) 常見連詞有after,as,before,once,since,till,(not)until，when,whenever(no matter when)，while， as long as,as soon as…
例句:
As you look at yourself in a mirror,you'll seen an identical image of yourself.
It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.
It was not until…that
Not until…did he…
Not until I received the letter,did I know he had gone to America.
It was not until….
When I got to the airport,I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.
I was about to leave,when something occurred which attracted my attention.
Whenever we have difficulty,he'll come to help us.
2) no sooner…than,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when: 剛做…就….
No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.
She had scarcely news when she fainted.
3) 還有 immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,every time etc
I'll tell you about it the moment you come.
I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.
地點狀語從句
一般用where 或 wherever 引導:
I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.
Wherever they went,they were warmly welcomed.
條件狀語從句
真實條件從句:if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition that,in the event that,in case that etc
I will not go to her party if she doesn't invite me.
I will not go to her party unless she invites me.
原因狀語從句
從屬連詞有because,as,since,for,now,that,in that,seeing that,considering that(鑑於，由於)
As the school regulations are written quite clearly,there is nothing more to be explained.
Considering that the sweater was hard made,it was not expensive.
Seeing that they are inexperienced,they are doing quite a good job.
讓步狀語從句
引導詞分類:
1): even if,though,even though,while(儘管) no matter what/how/which,however,whatever,whichever,however etc.
He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.
Whatever the consequence may be,I will be on your side.
However hard she tried to explain,nobody trusted her.
It has been the same result,whichever way you do it.
2) 由as 引起的讓步從句，語氣較強烈，被強調的詞須放在句首.
Simple as the question may seem,it is not at all common in nature.
Cold as it is,the children play outdoors.
Much as I respect him,I can't agree with him.
Object as you may,I will go on with my plan.
3) whether…or,不管…或…
whether you be a student or a teacher,you are required to obey the regulations of the school.
結果狀語從句
引導詞:so that,so…that,such…that
He is so humorous that we'll never forget him.
She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.
目的狀語從句
引導詞:so that,in order that,for fear that,lest,in case
I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.
Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.
方式狀語從句
引導詞:as,(just) as…so…，as if,as though.
1) as,(just) as…so…引導的方式狀語從句通常位於主句後，但在(just) as…so…結構中位於句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用於正式文體，例如:
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。
As water is to fish,so air is to man.
我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。
Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落後的東西。
2) as if,as though
兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或實現的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如:
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看來天氣很快就會好起來。(實現的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。)
說明:as if / as though也可以引導一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語，例如:
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不轉睛地看着我，就像第一次看見我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要說什麼似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波濤衝擊着岩石，好像很憤怒。
比較狀語從句
1) as…as,not so/as…as
the film was not so exciting as we expected.(這部電影沒有我們期待的一樣精彩。)
The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.
She likes them almost as much as Paul does.
2)比較級+than,so much/a lot more than
She looks much younger than she is. (她看上去比她的實際年齡更年輕。)
The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.(宇宙的結構比你想象的更複雜。)
3) no more…than,not more…than,less…than
Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.(傑克不像馬克那麼害怕。)
Tom is no more rich than Black。(湯姆並不比布萊克富有。)
3) the more…the more
The farther north you go,the severer the winter is.
The more I see of him,the less I like him.(我越看他越討厭。)
Itbetime+(that)從句
在英語裡，"It be time +(that)從句"是一個較為常用的句型，它表示"該做……的時候了"的意思。該句型屬於主從複合句的一種;其主句部分為"It be time"，從句部分的連詞that可以省略。
一、time前面的修飾語
句型"It be time +(that)從句"通常暗示"有點遲了"，為了強調這一含義，可以在time的前面加形容詞high。例如:
It's high time we started.
It is high time that more women ran the arts.
為了使語氣得到進一步的加強，還可以在high的前面加certainly， more than等副詞或詞組:
It is certainly high time that we ordered dinner.
形容詞full也可以加在time的前面，用來加強語氣。例如:
It's full time you had a nice day.
It is full time that boy went to herding.
time前面還可以加about，這時句型所表達的意思是"早該……"。例如:
It's about time we started.
It's about time I settled down.
上面兩例中的about可以用getting來代替，句意不變;這可以視為句型"It be time +(that)從句"的一種變體。
二、從句中的動詞形式
在"(that)從句"中，動詞形式通常是一般過去時。這是一種奇特而有趣的語言現象，即用假設的過去時來代替實際的將來時。從英語史的角度來看，從句中的動詞形式用過去時原是屬虛擬語氣;但從語言發展的觀點來看，目前這種動詞形式視為陳述語氣比較合適。
著名語言學家夸克(R. Quirk)教授等人在1985年出版的《英語語法大全》一書中認為，"(that)從句"的動詞形式一定要用"假設的過去時"。他們舉了一例:It's time I was in bed.其實，動詞形式除常用過去時外，也可以用其他時態和語態(用何種形式應視情況而定)。正如著名語言學家周海中教授在1988年發表的《探討"It be time (that)…"句型》一文中所言:在現代英語裡，"(that)從句"中的動詞形式一般用過去時，這是基本規則;有時也可以用其他的動詞形式，但應視為特殊用法。他在其文中列舉了大量實例，用於論證和說明。
1.用were型虛擬語氣。例如:
It's high time I were hence. (W. Shakespeare)
It's time I were gone. (A. Tennyson)
由於英語的發展，虛擬語氣與陳述語氣之間的區別正在逐漸消失。基於這種情況，虛擬語氣的were也正在逐漸地代替陳述語氣的was。
2.用be型虛擬語氣。例如:
You reckon I be found anywhere with him, time he start belle ring. (W. Faulkner)
It is time that more of the research dollars now devoted to cure be diverted to finding new and more humane ways of curing that will make a cancer patient's remaining years happier, more comfortable, and more productive. (Science, 1984, Vol. 5, No.7)
動詞形式用be型虛擬語氣是古英語的用法。目前，這一用法在英國英語中已"日薄西山"，而在美國英語中卻有"東山再起"之勢，但主要見於正式文體。
3.藉助情態動詞should。例如:
It's time this heart should be unmoved. (G. Byron)
It may be time that I should meet with some misfortune; but I hope it is not this. (C. Dickens)
上面用法主要見於文學作品，尤其是英國人寫的。