毗黎勒檢視原始碼討論檢視歷史
毗黎勒 |
中文學名:毗黎勒 拉丁學名:Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 界:植物界 門:被子植物門 綱:木蘭綱 亞 綱:薔薇亞綱 目:桃金娘目 科:使君子科 屬:欖仁樹屬 |
毗黎勒(pí lí lè),又名:雲南欖仁,拉丁文名:Terminalia intricata Hand.-Mazz.,別名 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.,俗名:油欖仁,異名:Terminalia laurinoides Myrobalanus bellirica Terminalia bellirica var. laurinoides Terminalia punctata Terminalia eglandulosa Terminalia gella Terminalia attenuata Myrobalanus laurinoides , 使君子科、欖仁樹屬灌木,落葉喬木,高18-35米,胸徑可達1米;枝灰色,具縱紋及明顯的螺旋狀上升的葉痕,小枝、幼葉及葉柄基部常具銹色絨毛。葉螺旋狀聚生枝頂,葉片闊卵形或倒卵形,紙質,長18-26厘米,寬6-12厘米,全緣,邊緣微波狀,先端鈍或短尖,基部漸狹或鈍圓,兩面無毛,較疏生白色細瘤點,具光澤,側脈5-8對,背面網脈細密,瘤點較少;產雲南南部。生於海拔540-1350米的山坡陽處及疏林中。為溝谷及低丘季節性雨林的上層樹種之一。分布於越南、老撾、泰國、柬埔寨、緬甸、印度(除西部以外)和馬來西亞至印度尼西亞。 [1]
毗黎勒形態特徵
落葉喬木,高18-35米,胸徑可達1米;枝灰色,具縱紋及明顯的螺旋狀上升的葉痕,小枝、幼葉及葉柄基部常具銹色絨毛。葉螺旋狀聚生枝頂,葉片闊卵形或倒卵形,紙質,長18-26厘米,寬6-12厘米,全緣,邊緣微波狀;
先端鈍或短尖,基部漸狹或鈍圓,兩面無毛,較疏生白色細瘤點,具光澤,側脈5-8對,背面網脈細密,瘤點較少;葉柄長3-9厘米,無毛,常於中上部有2腺體。
穗狀花序腋生,在莖上部常聚成傘房狀,長5-12厘米,密被紅褐色的絲狀毛,上部為雄花,基部為兩性花;花5數,淡黃色,不連雄蕊的突出部分長4.5毫米,無柄;
萼管杯狀,長3.5毫米,5裂,裂片三角形,長約3毫米,被絨毛;花瓣缺;雄蕊10,生着被毛的花盤外;花盤僅出現在兩性花上,10裂,被紅褐色髯毛;
子房上位,1室,花柱棒狀,長5毫米,下部粗壯,被疏生的長絨毛,上部纖細,微彎。假核果卵形,密被銹色絨毛,長2-3厘米,徑1.8-2.5厘米,具明顯的5棱,種子1粒。花期3-4月,果期5-7月。
Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 90. 1790 ["bellirina"]; M. laurinoides (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) Kuntze; Terminalia attenuata Edgeworth; T. bellirica var. laurinoides (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) C. B. Clarke; T. eglandulosa Roxburgh ex C. B. Clarke; T. gella Dalzell; T. laurinoides Teijsmann & Binnendijk; T. punctata Roth.
Trees deciduous, to 35 m tall; trunk to 1 m d.b.h., with large buttresses. Bark gray, longitudinally ridged. Branchlets with conspicuous, spirally ascending leaf scars. Leaves spiraled, crowded into pseudowhorls at apices of branchlets; petiole 3-9 cm, glabrous but ferruginous tomentose when young, especially at base, with 2 glands above middle; leaf blade glossy, obovate, 18-26 × 6-12 cm, both surfaces glabrous except ferruginous tomentose when young, base obtuse-rounded or attenuate, apex obtuse or mucronate; lateral veins in 5-8 pairs.
Inflorescences axillary, simple spikes, 5-18 cm, often grouped at branchlet apex and forming a panicle; axis densely ferruginous tomentose. Calyx tube distally shallowly cupular, 4-5 mm, abaxially tomentose, adaxially long villous; lobes 5.
Stamens 10, exserted, 4-5 mm. Fruit shortly stipitate, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, weakly to strongly 5-ridged, 2-3 × 1.8-2.5 cm, densely and finely velutinous or sericeous; stipe ca. 2 mm. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. May-Jul. 2n = 48.
分類文獻
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Pl. Corom. 2: 54. t. 198. 1798; C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 445. 1879; Gagrnep. in Lecte. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 2: 749. 1920, err. #$#belerica#$#; O. Lecompte in Aubrev. Fl. Camb. Laos Vietn. 10: 71. 1969; 雲南植物志1: 84. 1977——Myrobalanus bellirica Gaernt. in Fruct. 2: 90. t. 97. 1791.
產地生境
產雲南南部。生於海拔540-1350米的山坡陽處及疏林中。為溝谷及低丘季節性雨林的上層樹種之一。分布於越南、老撾、泰國、柬埔寨、緬甸、印度(除西部以外)和馬來西亞至印度尼西亞。
木材浸水後更堅韌。果皮富含單寧,用於鞣革,供制黑色染料,也供藥用。唐本草著錄味苦寒,主治風虛熱氣。未成熟果實用以通便,成熟果實為收斂劑。核仁可食,但多食有麻醉作用。此樹也產大量樹脂。