求真百科歡迎當事人提供第一手真實資料,洗刷冤屈,終結網路霸凌。

變更

前往: 導覽搜尋

阿拉伯语

移除 8,654 位元組, 5 年前
無編輯摘要
{{refimprove|time=2013-11-07T07:20:26+00:00}}
{{Infobox language
|name = 阿拉伯语
|nativename = {{rtl-lang|ar|العربية/عربي}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-ʻarabiyyah/ʻarabī }}''
|pronunciation = {{IPA|/al ʕarabijja/}}, {{IPA|/ʕarabi/}}
|image = Arabic albayancalligraphy.svg
|imagesize = 150px
|imagecaption = 书写形式的'''{{transl|ar|al-ʿArabiyyah}}'''([[誊抄体]])
|states = [[阿拉伯国家联盟]]成员国;邻近国家的少数群体:[[以色列]]、[[厄立特里亚]]、[[马里]]、[[尼日尔]]、[[肯尼亚]]、[[乍得]]、[[塞内加尔]]、[[南苏丹]]、[[埃塞俄比亚]]、[[伊朗]]、[[土耳其]]、[[马达加斯加]]、[[坦桑尼亚]]、[[莫桑比克]]等。
|speakers = 2.9亿
|date = 2010
|ref = <ref name="NE100">{{cite web |url= http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 |title= Världens 100 största språk 2010 |work= [[Nationalencyklopedin]] |trans_title= The world's 100 largest languages in 2010 |year= 2010 |accessdate= 2014-02-12|language=sv}}</ref>
|familycolor = 亚非语系
|fam2 = [[闪米特语族]]
|fam3 = {{le|中闪米特语支|Central Semitic languages}}
|fam4 = 阿拉伯语支
|stand1 = [[现代标淮阿拉伯语]]
|dia1 = [[马格里布阿拉伯语|西部(马格里布)]]
|dia2 = [[阿拉伯语变体|中部]](包括[[埃及阿拉伯语|埃及]]、[[苏丹阿拉伯语|苏丹]])
|dia3 = [[阿拉伯语变体|北部]](包括[[黎凡特阿拉伯语|黎凡特]]、[[美索不达米亚阿拉伯语|美索不达米亚]])
|dia4 = [[半岛阿拉伯语|半岛]]({{le|海湾阿拉伯语|Gulf Arabic|海湾}}、[[汉志阿拉伯语|汉志]]、{{le|内志阿拉伯语|Najdi Arabic|内志}}、{{le|也门阿拉伯语|Yemeni Arabic|也门}})
|script = [[阿拉伯字母]]<br>{{le|阿拉伯盲文|Arabic Braille}}<br>[[叙利亚字母]]([[加许尼文]])<br>[[希伯来字母]]([[犹太-阿拉伯语]])<br>[[希腊字母]]([[塞浦路斯阿拉伯语]])<br>[[拉丁字母]]([[马耳他语]])
|sign = 阿拉伯手语
|nation = [[现代标淮阿拉伯语]]为[[阿拉伯语国家和地区列表|27个国家]]的官方语言,数目位列英语和法语之后<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wright|2001|p=492}}</ref>{{collapsible list
|title=国家与组织列表|{{flag|Algeria}}<br>{{flag|Bahrain}}<br>{{flag|Comoros}}<br>{{flag|Chad}}<br>{{flag|Djibouti}}<br>{{flag|Egypt}}<br>{{flag|Eritrea}}<br>{{flag|Iraq}}<br>{{flag|Jordan}}<br>{{flag|Kuwait}}<br>{{flag|Lebanon}}<br>{{flag|Libya}}<br>{{flag|Mauritania}}<br>{{flag|Morocco}}<br>{{flag|Oman}}<br>{{flag|Palestine}}<br>{{flag|Qatar}}<br>{{flag|SADR}}<br>{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br>{{flag|Somalia}}<br>{{flag|Somaliland}}<br>{{flag|Sudan}}<br>{{flag|Syria}}<br>{{flag|Tunisia}}<br>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br>{{flag|Yemen}}<br>{{flagicon image<!-- 注释出:|Flag of the African Union 2010.svg -->}} [[非洲联盟]]<br>{{flag|Arab League}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of OIC.svg}}{{noflag|[[伊斯兰合作组织]]}}<br>{{flag|United Nations}}}}
|iso1 = ar
|iso2 = ara
|iso3 = ara
|glotto = arab1395
|lingua = 12-AAC
|map = Arabic speaking world.svg
|mapcaption = 阿拉伯语为唯一官方语言(绿色)和官方语言之一(蓝色)
|notice = IPA
}}
 
'''阿拉伯语'''('''{{rtl-lang|ar|العَرَبِيَّة}}''' al-ʻarabīyah [alʕaraˈbijja] 或者 {{rtl-lang|ar|عربي/عربى}} ʻarabī [ˈʕarabiː])是除了[[英语]]、[[法语]]和[[西班牙语]]之外最多国家使用的[[官方语言]]。阿拉伯语源自[[公元6世纪]]的[[古典阿拉伯语]]。它包括书面语及流通于[[中东]]、[[北非]]和[[非洲之角]](即[[索马里半岛]])的[[阿拉伯语变体|各种口语]]。阿拉伯语属于[[亚非语系]]。
== 语音系统 ==
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center" xml:lang="en" lang="en"
|+'''阿拉伯语[[辅音]][[音位]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | &nbsp; || [[唇音]] || [[齿间音]]
! [[舌尖音]] || [[咽化]]舌尖音
! [[舌面音]] || [[舌根音]] || [[小舌音]]
! [[咽音]] || [[喉音]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[鼻音]]
| m || &nbsp; || n || &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[塞音]] || 清
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || t || {{IPA|tˁ}} || &nbsp; || k || q
| &nbsp; || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! 浊
| b || &nbsp; || d || {{IPA|dˁ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}¹ || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[擦音]] || 清
| f
| {{IPA|θ}} || s || {{IPA|sˁ}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || x || &nbsp; || {{IPA|ħ}} || h
|-
! 浊
| &nbsp; || ð || z || {{IPA|ðˁ}} || &nbsp; || {{IPA|ɣ}} || &nbsp;
| {{IPA|ʕ}} || &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2" | [[边音]]
| &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| l² || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2" | [[颤音]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || r || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2" | [[半元音]]
| {{IPA|ʋ}} || &nbsp;|| &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| j || || &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
# {{IPA|[dʒ]}} 在[[埃及]]的方言中是舌根[[塞音]] [g]。在北非的许多地区和[[黎巴嫩]],这个音位读作 {{IPA|[ʒ]}} 。
# [l] 在神的名字中({{IPA|/ʔallaːh/}})读作{{IPA|[lˁ]}}。
==阿拉伯语语法系统==
{{main|阿拉伯语语法}}
'''阿拉伯语语法'''({{ lang|ar|النحو}})是[[阿拉伯语语言学]]的一个重要分支。研究按《[[古兰经]]》中确定的用法来运用的[[词类]]、[[词的屈折变化]]或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系。包含词的[[构词]]、[[构形]]的规则和[[组词]]成句的规则。
== 字母 ==
{{seealso|阿拉伯字母}}
阿拉伯语文字([[字母]])源于古代的[[阿拉米文]]字,可能从古埃及文字的一种变体演变而来;阿语书写分为数种字体,书写方向从右至左。由于伊斯兰教禁止偶像崇拜,禁止图画等艺术形式,书法成为阿拉伯人最重要的艺术形式,演化出许多十分复杂的阿拉伯文字体。其中比较流行的是库法体、三一体、誊写体、公文体等。阿语字母28个,全部为[[辅音]]字母;[[元音]]通过由加在字母上方或下方的标音符号来表示,但这些符号通常是省略,只在初级启蒙书中和《[[古兰经]]》版本中出现。另外世界上使用阿拉伯字母的语言有[[波斯语]]、[[普什图语]]、[[乌尔都语]]、一部分[[突厥语]]、[[柏柏尔语]]以及中国境内的[[维吾尔语]]、[[哈萨克语]]、[[乌兹别克语]]等。另外还有一些原本使用阿拉伯字母的语言在现代化模仿西方的过程中转而使用[[拉丁字母]],如[[土耳其语]]、[[斯瓦西里语]]、[[土库曼语]]和[[阿塞拜疆语]]。亦有少数阿拉伯语的变体不使用阿拉伯文,例如[[马尔他语]]是使用[[拉丁字母]]。
=== 引用 ===
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
=== 来源 ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|first1=Mary Catherine|last1=Bateson|title=Arabic Language Handbook|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2003|isbn=0878403868}}
* {{Citation |title= Language in Africa |last= Gregersen |first= Edgar A. |year= 1977 |publisher= CRC Press |location= |isbn= 0677043805}}
* {{Citation|authorlink1=George Grigore |first1=George |last1=Grigore |year=2007 |title=L'arabe parlé à Mardin. Monographie d'un parler arabe périphérique |location=Bucharest |publisher=Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti |isbn=9789737372499 |url=http://www.arc-news.com/read.php?lang=en&id_articol=1059 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927072656/http://www.arc-news.com/read.php?lang=en&id_articol=1059 |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}
* {{Citation|title=Writing Arabic: A Linguistic Approach, from Sounds to Script |last1=Hanna|first1=Sami A.|first2=Naguib|last2=Greis |year=1972 |publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=9004035893}}
* {{Citation|title=The Semitic languages|first1=Robert|last1=Hetzron|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|isbn=9780415057677}}
* {{Citation|last1=Haywood|last2=Nahmad|title=A new Arabic grammar|location=London|year=1965|isbn=085331585X|publisher=Lund Humphries}}
* {{Citation|first1=Robert B.|last1=Kaplan|first2=Richard B.|last2=Baldauf|title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=2007|isbn=1853597260}}
* {{Citation |first1= Alan S.|last1= Kaye |year= 1991 |title= The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic |journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 111 |issue= 3 |pages= 572–574 |publisher= American Oriental Society |doi= 10.2307/604273 |jstor= 604273}}
* {{Citation|first1=Edward William|last1=Lane|title=[[Arabic English Lexicon]]|year=1893|edition=2003 reprint|url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm|isbn=8120601076|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Citation|last1=Mumisa|first1=Michael|title=Introducing Arabic|publisher=Goodword Books|year=2003|isbn=8178982110}}
* {{Citation|first1=S.|last1=Procházka|year=2006|chapter="Arabic"|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|edition=2nd}}
* {{Citation|last = Thelwall|first= Robin|year= 2003|chapter= Arabic|journal=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
|publisher=Cambridge|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=0-521-63751-1|title = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet}}
* {{Citation|last1=Steingass|first1=F.|authorlink=F. Steingass|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3JXQh09i2JwC&dq=Arabic+English+thirsty|title=Arabic–English Dictionary|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1993|isbn=9788120608559}}
* {{Citation|first1=R.|last1=Traini|title=Vocabolario di arabo|publisher=I.P.O.|location=Rome<!--|notes=Translation: ''Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'', Harassowitz, 1961-->}}
* {{Citation|first1=Kees|last1=Versteegh|title=The Arabic Language|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1997|isbn=9004177027}}
* {{Citation|first1=Laura Veccia|last1=Vaglieri|title=Grammatica teorico-pratica della lingua araba|publisher=I.P.O.|location=Rome}}
* {{Citation|last = Watson|first= Janet|year= 2002|title= The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic|place=New York|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn = 0198241372}}
* {{Citation|first1=Hans|last1=Wehr|title=[[Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart]]: Arabisch-Deutsch|publisher=Harassowitz|year=1952|edition=1985 reprint (English)|isbn=3447019980}}
* {{Citation |title=The New York Times Almanac 2002 |first1=John W.|last1=Wright |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1579583482}}
{{refend}}
 
== 外部连结 ==
{{InterWiki|code=ar}}
{{WikisourceWiki|code=ar}}
{{Wiktionary category|category=阿拉伯语}}
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080218151543/http://translate.google.com/translate_t#auto|zh-CN| 使用Google自动将阿拉伯语翻译成简体中文]
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080218151543/http://translate.google.com/translate_t#auto|zh-TW| 使用Google自动将阿拉伯语翻译成繁体中文]
* [http://cang.baidu.com/gocauuj 在线阿拉伯语]
* [http://www.islamsm.com/ 伊斯兰使命]
 
{{-}}
{{联合国官方语言}}
{{阿拉伯语言}}
{{Afro-Asiatic languages}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:闪米特语族]]
[[Category:阿拉伯语| ]]
[[Category:伊拉克语言]]
[[Category:以重音计时的语言]]
[[Category:有主谓宾结构的语言]]
[[Category:沙特阿拉伯诸语言]]
[[Category:屈折语]]
[[Category:以色列语言]]
134,776
次編輯