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吠陀
,创建页面，内容为“{| class="wikitable" align="right" |- | style="background: #66CCFF" align= center| '''<big>吠陀</big> ''' |- |<center><img src=http://res.cihai123.com/ciimg/…”
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
|-
| style="background: #66CCFF" align= center| '''<big>吠陀</big> '''
|-
|<center><img src=http://res.cihai123.com/ciimg/1966/41/109/1146103.jpg width="250"></center>
<small>[http://www.cihai123.com/cidian/1146103.html 来自 辞海之家 的图片]</small>
|-
| style="background: #66CCFF" align= center|
|-
| align= light|
中文名: 吠陀
文 体：[[赞美诗]]、
[[祈祷文]]、[[咒语]]
释 义：意为明、知识
性 质：印度最古老的
文献材料和文体形式
英 译veda
经典示例：《[[梨俱吠陀》]]、
[[娑摩吠陀]]
|}
'''吠陀'''（{{lang-sa|वेद|{{IAST|Veda}}}}，又译为'''韦达经'''、'''韦陀经'''、'''围陀经'''等），是[[婆罗门教]]和现代的[[印度教]]最重要和最根本的[[经典]]。“吠陀”意思是“知识”、“启示”。 广义的“吠陀”文献包括很多种性质不同的经典，即吠陀本集、[[梵书]]、[[森林书]]和[[奥义书]]。<ref>《印度通史》，第63页</ref>
==吠陀本集==
四部吠陀本集是：
* 《[[梨俱吠陀]]》（歌咏明论）
* 《[[娑摩吠陀]]》（讚颂明论）
* 《[[夜柔吠陀]]》（祭祀明论）
* 《[[阿闼婆吠陀]]》（禳灾明论）
四部吠陀本集中以《[[梨俱吠陀]]》最早，最初的部分可以追溯到公元前2000年时代，正值[[印度河文明]]的时期，[[雅利安人]]大体居住在[[印度]]的西北[[印度河]]两岸的时期。其他三卷吠陀经皆是《[[梨俱吠陀]]》的衍生作品，相继成书于后，最晚集结完成的为《[[阿闼婆吠陀]]》。后三卷吠陀经中的神曲，不是部分《梨俱吠陀》神曲的复述，便是在它基础上的发展而来。吠陀神曲有长有短，长曲是一曲多颂。短曲是一曲数颂或仅有一颂。多数颂由四句构成，少数由三句构成。
著作吠陀的时代被称为[[印度]]的[[吠陀时期]]。它使用比印度[[梵语]]更为古老的语言，称为[[吠陀梵语]]。
==梵书==
梵书是以[[散文]]体写成的关于吠陀宗教使用的各种复杂祭祀的讲述和讨论。最重要的梵书有《[[百道梵书]]》、《[[爱达罗氏梵书]]》、《[[海螺氏梵书]]》、《[[牛道梵书]]》等。
==森林书==
本质上和[[奥义书]]没有什么区别的一类著作，据说是“隐居在林中无法从事复杂的祭祀而代以冥思的老年人”的作品。存世的森林书很少。
==奥义书==
[[神秘主义]][[哲学]]的著作，不再讨论[[祭祀]]（或反对祭祀）。存世数量巨大。特别重要的有《[[歌者奥义书]]》、《[[广林奥义书]]》等。
==注释==
{{Reflist}}
==参考文献==
{{refbegin|2}}
* 《印度通史》，[[商务印书馆]]，书号：11017·224
*{{citation |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivram |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |year=1965 | edition=4th revised & enlarged |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0567-4 }}.
*{{citation |last=Avari |first=Burjor |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=India: The Ancient Past|year=2007 |publisher=Routledge|location=London |isbn= 978-0-415-35616-9}}
*{{cite book| author=Harold G. Coward| title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies| volume=5| editor=Karl Potter| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC| year=1990| publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-81-208-0426-5| ref=harv| access-date=2016-11-16| archive-date=2020-12-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221062719/https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC| dead-url=no}}
*{{Citation | last1=Filliozat | first1=Pierre-Sylvain | year=2004 | chapter=Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature | chapter-url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0000788497q4858/ | editor1-last=Chemla | editor1-first=Karine | editor1-link=Karine Chemla | editor2-last=Cohen | editor2-first=Robert S. | editor3-last=Renn | editor3-first=Jürgen | display-editors=3 | editor4-last=Gavroglu | editor4-first=Kostas | title=History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science) | location=Dordrecht | publisher=Springer Netherlands | isbn=9781402023200 }}{{Dead link}}
*{{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |authorlink=Gavin Flood |coauthors= |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn= 0-521-43878-0}}
*{{citation |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|year=2003 |publisher=Blackwell|location=Malden, Massachusetts|isbn=1-4051-3251-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Holdrege |first=Barbara A. |title=Veda and Torah |year=1995 |publisher= SUNY Press|location= |isbn=0-7914-1639-9|url= }}
*{{citation |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |authorlink=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=[[s:A History of Sanskrit Literature|A History of Sanskrit Literature]] |year=1900 |publisher=D. Appleton and Co |location=New York |oclc=713426994 }} ([http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009657393 full text online] {{Wayback|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009657393 |date=20200812111855 }})
* {{Citation|title=History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western|first=T. M. P|last=Mahadevan|editor1=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|editor2=Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia|editor3=Dhirendra Mohan Datta|year=1952|publisher=George Allen & Unwin |oclc=929704391}}
*{{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year=2004 | title =Hinduism: Past and Present | publisher =Princeton University Press | isbn =0-691-08953-1}}
* {{Citation | publication-date=1851 | editor-last=Monier-Williams | editor-first=Monier | editor-link=Monier Monier-Williams | title=Dictionary, English and Sanskrit | location=London | publisher=Honourable East-India Company | url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWEScan/2013/web/index.php | oclc=5333096 | accessdate=2016-11-16 | archive-date=2020-08-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814045046/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWEScan/2013/web/index.php | dead-url=no }} (reprinted 2006 as ISBN 1-881338-58-4)
*{{cite book |last=Muir |first=John | authorlink=John Muir (indologist)|title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India |year=1861 |publisher= Williams and Norgate|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_VCXTBk-PtoC }}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max|authorlink=Max Müller|title=Chips from a German Workshop |url=https://books.google.com/?id=J8Zo_rtoWAEC|year=1891 |publisher=C. Scribner's sons |location=New York}}.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283882-7|access-date=2016-11-16|archive-date=2020-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221061843/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C|dead-url=no}}
*{{Citation | editor-last=Radhakrishnan | editor-first=Sarvepalli | editor-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | editor2-last=Moore | editor2-first=Charles A. | title=A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy | year=1957 | edition=12th Princeton Paperback | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-01958-4}}
*{{Citation | last1=Staal | first1=Frits | authorlink=Frits Staal | year=1986 | title=The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science | publisher=Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, North Holland Publishing Company }}
*{{citation |last1=Smith|first1=Brian K. |doi=10.2307/1062753 |title=Canonical Authority and Social Classification: Veda and 'Varṇa' in Ancient Indian Texts |work=History of Religions |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1992 |pages=103–125}}
* {{Citation |last=Sullivan |first= B. M.|date=Summer 1994 |title=The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata: Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=377–401 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.377 }}
*{{cite book| author1=Annette Wilke| author2=Oliver Moebus| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC| year=2011| publisher=Walter de Gruyter| isbn=978-3-11-018159-3| ref=harv| access-date=2016-11-16| archive-date=2021-01-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110112338/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC| dead-url=no}}
*{{citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael (ed.)| authorlink = Michael Witzel|title=Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas |year=1997 |series=Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2|publisher=Harvard University Press|location = Cambridge}}
* {{citation |last=Zaehner |first=R. C. |authorlink=Robert Charles Zaehner |coauthors= |title=Hindu Scriptures|year=1966 |publisher=Everyman's Library|location=London |isbn= }}
{{refend}}
==延伸阅读==
{{refbegin|2}}
;概论
*J. Gonda, ''Vedic Literature: {{IAST|Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas}}'', A History of Indian literature. Vol. 1, Veda and Upanishads (1975), ISBN 978-3-447-01603-2.
*J. A. Santucci, ''An Outline of Vedic Literature'' (1976).
*S. Shrava, ''A Comprehensive History of Vedic Literature — Brahmana and Aranyaka Works'', Pranava Prakashan (1977).
;深入报告
*M. Bloomfield, ''A Vedic Concordance'' (1907)
*Vishva Bandhu, Bhim Dev, S. Bhaskaran Nair (eds.), ''{{IAST|Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa}}: A Vedic Word-Concordance'', Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, 1963–1965, revised edition 1973-1976.
;会议论文
*Griffiths, Arlo and Houben, Jan E. M. (eds.), ''The Vedas : texts, language & ritual: proceedings of the Third International Vedic Workshop, Leiden 2002'', Groningen Oriental Studies 20, Groningen : Forsten, (2004), ISBN 90-6980-149-3.
{{refend}}
==外部连结==
* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/592303 Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/592303 |date=20201118074547 }}, Edward Vernon Arnold, Journal of the American Oriental Society
* [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Veda.in.Nepal.pdf On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Veda.in.Nepal.pdf |date=20160910144104 }}, Michael Witzel
* [http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Veda GRETIL etexts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Veda |date=20101107022605 }}
* [https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/n7/mode/2up A Vedic Concordance], Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University (an alphabetic index to every line, every stanza of the Vedas published before 1906)
* [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield's A Vedic Concordance] {{Wayback|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html |date=20201123043644 }}, Harvard University
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm#vedas The Vedas at sacred-texts.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm#vedas |date=20180709224417 }}
[[Category:200 宗教总论]]
|-
| style="background: #66CCFF" align= center| '''<big>吠陀</big> '''
|-
|<center><img src=http://res.cihai123.com/ciimg/1966/41/109/1146103.jpg width="250"></center>
<small>[http://www.cihai123.com/cidian/1146103.html 来自 辞海之家 的图片]</small>
|-
| style="background: #66CCFF" align= center|
|-
| align= light|
中文名: 吠陀
文 体：[[赞美诗]]、
[[祈祷文]]、[[咒语]]
释 义：意为明、知识
性 质：印度最古老的
文献材料和文体形式
英 译veda
经典示例：《[[梨俱吠陀》]]、
[[娑摩吠陀]]
|}
'''吠陀'''（{{lang-sa|वेद|{{IAST|Veda}}}}，又译为'''韦达经'''、'''韦陀经'''、'''围陀经'''等），是[[婆罗门教]]和现代的[[印度教]]最重要和最根本的[[经典]]。“吠陀”意思是“知识”、“启示”。 广义的“吠陀”文献包括很多种性质不同的经典，即吠陀本集、[[梵书]]、[[森林书]]和[[奥义书]]。<ref>《印度通史》，第63页</ref>
==吠陀本集==
四部吠陀本集是：
* 《[[梨俱吠陀]]》（歌咏明论）
* 《[[娑摩吠陀]]》（讚颂明论）
* 《[[夜柔吠陀]]》（祭祀明论）
* 《[[阿闼婆吠陀]]》（禳灾明论）
四部吠陀本集中以《[[梨俱吠陀]]》最早，最初的部分可以追溯到公元前2000年时代，正值[[印度河文明]]的时期，[[雅利安人]]大体居住在[[印度]]的西北[[印度河]]两岸的时期。其他三卷吠陀经皆是《[[梨俱吠陀]]》的衍生作品，相继成书于后，最晚集结完成的为《[[阿闼婆吠陀]]》。后三卷吠陀经中的神曲，不是部分《梨俱吠陀》神曲的复述，便是在它基础上的发展而来。吠陀神曲有长有短，长曲是一曲多颂。短曲是一曲数颂或仅有一颂。多数颂由四句构成，少数由三句构成。
著作吠陀的时代被称为[[印度]]的[[吠陀时期]]。它使用比印度[[梵语]]更为古老的语言，称为[[吠陀梵语]]。
==梵书==
梵书是以[[散文]]体写成的关于吠陀宗教使用的各种复杂祭祀的讲述和讨论。最重要的梵书有《[[百道梵书]]》、《[[爱达罗氏梵书]]》、《[[海螺氏梵书]]》、《[[牛道梵书]]》等。
==森林书==
本质上和[[奥义书]]没有什么区别的一类著作，据说是“隐居在林中无法从事复杂的祭祀而代以冥思的老年人”的作品。存世的森林书很少。
==奥义书==
[[神秘主义]][[哲学]]的著作，不再讨论[[祭祀]]（或反对祭祀）。存世数量巨大。特别重要的有《[[歌者奥义书]]》、《[[广林奥义书]]》等。
==注释==
{{Reflist}}
==参考文献==
{{refbegin|2}}
* 《印度通史》，[[商务印书馆]]，书号：11017·224
*{{citation |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivram |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |year=1965 | edition=4th revised & enlarged |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0567-4 }}.
*{{citation |last=Avari |first=Burjor |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=India: The Ancient Past|year=2007 |publisher=Routledge|location=London |isbn= 978-0-415-35616-9}}
*{{cite book| author=Harold G. Coward| title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies| volume=5| editor=Karl Potter| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC| year=1990| publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-81-208-0426-5| ref=harv| access-date=2016-11-16| archive-date=2020-12-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221062719/https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC| dead-url=no}}
*{{Citation | last1=Filliozat | first1=Pierre-Sylvain | year=2004 | chapter=Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature | chapter-url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0000788497q4858/ | editor1-last=Chemla | editor1-first=Karine | editor1-link=Karine Chemla | editor2-last=Cohen | editor2-first=Robert S. | editor3-last=Renn | editor3-first=Jürgen | display-editors=3 | editor4-last=Gavroglu | editor4-first=Kostas | title=History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science) | location=Dordrecht | publisher=Springer Netherlands | isbn=9781402023200 }}{{Dead link}}
*{{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |authorlink=Gavin Flood |coauthors= |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn= 0-521-43878-0}}
*{{citation |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|year=2003 |publisher=Blackwell|location=Malden, Massachusetts|isbn=1-4051-3251-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Holdrege |first=Barbara A. |title=Veda and Torah |year=1995 |publisher= SUNY Press|location= |isbn=0-7914-1639-9|url= }}
*{{citation |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |authorlink=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=[[s:A History of Sanskrit Literature|A History of Sanskrit Literature]] |year=1900 |publisher=D. Appleton and Co |location=New York |oclc=713426994 }} ([http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009657393 full text online] {{Wayback|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009657393 |date=20200812111855 }})
* {{Citation|title=History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western|first=T. M. P|last=Mahadevan|editor1=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|editor2=Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia|editor3=Dhirendra Mohan Datta|year=1952|publisher=George Allen & Unwin |oclc=929704391}}
*{{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year=2004 | title =Hinduism: Past and Present | publisher =Princeton University Press | isbn =0-691-08953-1}}
* {{Citation | publication-date=1851 | editor-last=Monier-Williams | editor-first=Monier | editor-link=Monier Monier-Williams | title=Dictionary, English and Sanskrit | location=London | publisher=Honourable East-India Company | url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWEScan/2013/web/index.php | oclc=5333096 | accessdate=2016-11-16 | archive-date=2020-08-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814045046/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWEScan/2013/web/index.php | dead-url=no }} (reprinted 2006 as ISBN 1-881338-58-4)
*{{cite book |last=Muir |first=John | authorlink=John Muir (indologist)|title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India |year=1861 |publisher= Williams and Norgate|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_VCXTBk-PtoC }}
* {{cite book |last=Müller |first=Max|authorlink=Max Müller|title=Chips from a German Workshop |url=https://books.google.com/?id=J8Zo_rtoWAEC|year=1891 |publisher=C. Scribner's sons |location=New York}}.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283882-7|access-date=2016-11-16|archive-date=2020-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221061843/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C|dead-url=no}}
*{{Citation | editor-last=Radhakrishnan | editor-first=Sarvepalli | editor-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | editor2-last=Moore | editor2-first=Charles A. | title=A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy | year=1957 | edition=12th Princeton Paperback | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-01958-4}}
*{{Citation | last1=Staal | first1=Frits | authorlink=Frits Staal | year=1986 | title=The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science | publisher=Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, North Holland Publishing Company }}
*{{citation |last1=Smith|first1=Brian K. |doi=10.2307/1062753 |title=Canonical Authority and Social Classification: Veda and 'Varṇa' in Ancient Indian Texts |work=History of Religions |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |date=1992 |pages=103–125}}
* {{Citation |last=Sullivan |first= B. M.|date=Summer 1994 |title=The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata: Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=377–401 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.377 }}
*{{cite book| author1=Annette Wilke| author2=Oliver Moebus| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC| year=2011| publisher=Walter de Gruyter| isbn=978-3-11-018159-3| ref=harv| access-date=2016-11-16| archive-date=2021-01-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110112338/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC| dead-url=no}}
*{{citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael (ed.)| authorlink = Michael Witzel|title=Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas |year=1997 |series=Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2|publisher=Harvard University Press|location = Cambridge}}
* {{citation |last=Zaehner |first=R. C. |authorlink=Robert Charles Zaehner |coauthors= |title=Hindu Scriptures|year=1966 |publisher=Everyman's Library|location=London |isbn= }}
{{refend}}
==延伸阅读==
{{refbegin|2}}
;概论
*J. Gonda, ''Vedic Literature: {{IAST|Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas}}'', A History of Indian literature. Vol. 1, Veda and Upanishads (1975), ISBN 978-3-447-01603-2.
*J. A. Santucci, ''An Outline of Vedic Literature'' (1976).
*S. Shrava, ''A Comprehensive History of Vedic Literature — Brahmana and Aranyaka Works'', Pranava Prakashan (1977).
;深入报告
*M. Bloomfield, ''A Vedic Concordance'' (1907)
*Vishva Bandhu, Bhim Dev, S. Bhaskaran Nair (eds.), ''{{IAST|Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa}}: A Vedic Word-Concordance'', Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, 1963–1965, revised edition 1973-1976.
;会议论文
*Griffiths, Arlo and Houben, Jan E. M. (eds.), ''The Vedas : texts, language & ritual: proceedings of the Third International Vedic Workshop, Leiden 2002'', Groningen Oriental Studies 20, Groningen : Forsten, (2004), ISBN 90-6980-149-3.
{{refend}}
==外部连结==
* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/592303 Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/592303 |date=20201118074547 }}, Edward Vernon Arnold, Journal of the American Oriental Society
* [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Veda.in.Nepal.pdf On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Veda.in.Nepal.pdf |date=20160910144104 }}, Michael Witzel
* [http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Veda GRETIL etexts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Veda |date=20101107022605 }}
* [https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/n7/mode/2up A Vedic Concordance], Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University (an alphabetic index to every line, every stanza of the Vedas published before 1906)
* [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield's A Vedic Concordance] {{Wayback|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/VedicConcordance/ReadmeEng.html |date=20201123043644 }}, Harvard University
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm#vedas The Vedas at sacred-texts.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm#vedas |date=20180709224417 }}
[[Category:200 宗教总论]]