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'''尼古拉·哥白尼'''（{{lang-la|Nicolas Copernicus}}，{{lang-pl|Mikołaj Kopernik}}，{{bd|1473年|2月19日|1543年|5月24日|catIdx=C}}）是[[文艺复兴]]时期[[波兰]][[数学家]]、[[天文学家]]，他提倡[[日心说]]模型，提到[[太陽]]為宇宙的中心<ref>Linton (2004, pp.39, 119). Copernicus was not the first to propose a heliocentric system. A Greek mathematician and astronomer, Aristarchus of Samos, had done so as early as the third century BCE; but there is little evidence that Aristarchus developed his ideas beyond a very basic outline (Dreyer, 1953, pp. 135-48) 。哥白尼不是第一个创立日心说的人，希腊数学家、天文学家阿利斯塔克在公元前3世纪创立日心说，但是没有对其进行发展改进。</ref>。1543年哥白尼临终前发表了《[[天體運行論]]》一般認為他著的是現代[[天文學]]的起步點。它开启了[[哥白尼革命]]，并对推动[[科学革命]]作出了重要贡献。
哥白尼出生于[[皇家普魯士]]，该地区自1466年隶属于波兰王国。哥白尼获得了教会法规博士学位，同时也是一名医生，通晓多国语言，了解经典文学，能够胜任[[翻译]]，做过[[执政官]]、[[外交官]]，也是一名[[经济学家]]（后续几项都没有学历学位）。1517年，哥白尼总结了货币量化理论<ref>Nicolas Copernicus, memorandum on monetary policy, 1517</ref>，成为当今经济学的重要基础之一。1519年，哥白尼在[[托马斯·格雷沙姆]]之前总结出了[[劣幣驅逐良幣]]理论的前身<ref>"Copernicus seems to have drawn up some notes on the displacement of good coin from circulation by debased coin while he was at Olsztyn in 1519. He made them the basis of a report on the matter, written in German, which he presented to the Prussian Diet held in 1522 at Grudziadz... He later drew up a revised and enlarged version of his little treatise, this time in Latin, and setting forth a general theory of money, for presentation to the Diet of 1528." Agngus Armitage, The World of Copernicus, 1951, p.91.</ref>。