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闪米特语族查看源代码讨论查看历史

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闪米特语族，又称闪语族、塞姆语族或叙利亚-阿拉伯语族[1]，是亚非语系之下的语族之一，起源于中东地区[2][3]，其下属语言约有3.3亿人作为母语，分布于西亚、北非和非洲之角，也有亚非语系侨民生活于欧洲和北美，或高加索和中亚。

闪米特语族由哥廷根历史学校的成员于18世纪命名，“闪米特”一词来源于希伯来圣经创世记，是诺亚的三个儿子之一，相传是希伯来人和亚述人的祖先[4]。

现代所使用的其分支语言有阿拉伯语[5]、希伯来语[6]、阿拉姆语[7][8][9]、马尔他语、阿姆哈拉语[10]、提格里尼亚语[11]、提格雷语和马耳他语[12]等。闪米特语族中使用人数最多的语言是现代标淮阿拉伯语，而如果包括所有阿拉伯语变体的母语人口在内，阿拉伯语共有2000万人作为母语，广泛分布在西亚、北非和东非地区[13]。

闪米特语族下属语言在形态学上有一个被称为“不连续形态”的显著特征，即词汇的词根并不是独立的音节或单词，而是多个互相分离的辅音（通常为三个），借由相应的元音将分离的辅音词根联系起来而组成新词。例如，阿拉伯语中的k-t-b是与“写”相关的词根形式，用这个词根组成的词汇有كتاب‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] kitāb（书的单数），كتب‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] kutub（书的复数）、كاتب‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] kātib（作家的单数）和كتّاب‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] kuttāb（作家的复数）等。

分支

参考文献

  1. ↑ Kitto, John. A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature. London: W. Clowes and Sons. 1845: 192. That important family of languages, of which the Arabic is the most cultivated and most widely-extended branch, has long wanted an appropriate common name. The term Oriental languages, which was exclusively applied to it from the time of Jerome down to the end of the last century, and which is even now not entirely abandoned, must always have been an unscientific one, inasmuch as the countries in which these languages prevailed are only the east in respect to Europe; and when Sanskrit, Chinese, and other idioms of the remoter East were brought within the reach of our research, it became palpably incorrect. Under a sense of this impropriety, Eichhorn（：Johann Gottfried Eichhorn） was the first, as he says himself (Allg. Bibl. Biblioth. vi. 772), to introduce the name Semitic languages, which was soon generally adopted, and which is the most usual one at the present day. [...] In modern times, however, the very appropriate designation Syro-Arabian languages has been proposed by Dr. Prichard（：James Cowles Prichard）, in his Physical History of Man. This term, [...] has the advantage of forming an exact counterpart to the name by which the only other great family of languages with which we are likely to bring the Syro-Arabian into relations of contrast or accordance, is now universally known—the Indo-Germanic. Like it, by taking up only the two extreme members of a whole sisterhood according to their geographical position when in their native seats, it embraces all the intermediate branches under a common band; and, like it, it constitutes a name which is not only at once intelligible, but one which in itself conveys a notion of that affinity between the sister dialects, which it is one of the objects of comparative philology to demonstrate and to apply. 
  2. ↑ Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A Manual. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 1998. 
  3. ↑ Hetzron, Robert. The Semitic Languages. London/New York: Routledge. 1997. 
  4. ↑ Baasten, Martin. A Note on the History of 'Semitic'. Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters Publishers. 2003: 57–73. ISBN 9789042912151. 
  5. ↑ Jonathan, Owens. The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2013: 2 [18 February 2014]. ISBN 0199344094. 
  6. ↑ Template:E18
  7. ↑ ^ Jump up to: a b Assyrian Neo-Aramaic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  8. ↑ Chaldean Neo-Aramaic at Ethnologue (14th ed., 2000).
  9. ↑ ^ Turoyo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  10. ↑ Template:E18
  11. ↑ Template:E18
  12. ↑ Ethnologue Entry for Maltese, 21st ed., 2018
  13. ↑ Arabic. ethnologue.com. [14 April 2018]. 

外部连结

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