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闪米特语族; zh-tw:闪米语族檢視原始碼討論檢視歷史

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閃米特語族，又稱閃語族、塞姆語族或敘利亞-阿拉伯語族[1]，是亞非語系之下的語族之一，起源於中東地區[2][3]，其下屬語言約有3.3億人作為母語，分布於西亞、北非和非洲之角，也有亞非語系僑民生活於歐洲和北美，或高加索和中亞。

閃米特語族由哥廷根歷史學校的成員於18世紀命名，「閃米特」一詞來源於希伯來聖經創世記，是諾亞的三個兒子之一，相傳是希伯來人和亞述人的祖先[4]。

現代所使用的其分支語言有阿拉伯語[5]、希伯來語[6]、阿拉姆語[7][8][9]、馬爾他語、阿姆哈拉語[10]、提格里尼亞語[11]、提格雷語和馬耳他語[12]等。閃米特語族中使用人數最多的語言是現代標淮阿拉伯語，而如果包括所有阿拉伯語變體的母語人口在內，阿拉伯語共有2000萬人作為母語，廣泛分布在西亞、北非和東非地區[13]。

閃米特語族下屬語言在形態學上有一個被稱為「不連續形態」的顯著特徵，即詞彙的詞根並不是獨立的音節或單詞，而是多個互相分離的輔音（通常為三個），藉由相應的元音將分離的輔音詞根聯繫起來而組成新詞。例如，阿拉伯語中的k-t-b是與「寫」相關的詞根形式，用這個詞根組成的詞彙有كتاب‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] kitāb（書的單數），كتب‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] kutub（書的複數）、كاتب‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] kātib（作家的單數）和كتّاب‎[[Category:含有Template:ISO 639 name ar的條目]] kuttāb（作家的複數）等。

分支

參考文獻

  1. ↑ Kitto, John. A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature. London: W. Clowes and Sons. 1845: 192. That important family of languages, of which the Arabic is the most cultivated and most widely-extended branch, has long wanted an appropriate common name. The term Oriental languages, which was exclusively applied to it from the time of Jerome down to the end of the last century, and which is even now not entirely abandoned, must always have been an unscientific one, inasmuch as the countries in which these languages prevailed are only the east in respect to Europe; and when Sanskrit, Chinese, and other idioms of the remoter East were brought within the reach of our research, it became palpably incorrect. Under a sense of this impropriety, Eichhorn（：Johann Gottfried Eichhorn） was the first, as he says himself (Allg. Bibl. Biblioth. vi. 772), to introduce the name Semitic languages, which was soon generally adopted, and which is the most usual one at the present day. [...] In modern times, however, the very appropriate designation Syro-Arabian languages has been proposed by Dr. Prichard（：James Cowles Prichard）, in his Physical History of Man. This term, [...] has the advantage of forming an exact counterpart to the name by which the only other great family of languages with which we are likely to bring the Syro-Arabian into relations of contrast or accordance, is now universally known—the Indo-Germanic. Like it, by taking up only the two extreme members of a whole sisterhood according to their geographical position when in their native seats, it embraces all the intermediate branches under a common band; and, like it, it constitutes a name which is not only at once intelligible, but one which in itself conveys a notion of that affinity between the sister dialects, which it is one of the objects of comparative philology to demonstrate and to apply. 
  2. ↑ Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A Manual. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 1998. 
  3. ↑ Hetzron, Robert. The Semitic Languages. London/New York: Routledge. 1997. 
  4. ↑ Baasten, Martin. A Note on the History of 'Semitic'. Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters Publishers. 2003: 57–73. ISBN 9789042912151. 
  5. ↑ Jonathan, Owens. The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2013: 2 [18 February 2014]. ISBN 0199344094. 
  6. ↑ Template:E18
  7. ↑ ^ Jump up to: a b Assyrian Neo-Aramaic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  8. ↑ Chaldean Neo-Aramaic at Ethnologue (14th ed., 2000).
  9. ↑ ^ Turoyo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  10. ↑ Template:E18
  11. ↑ Template:E18
  12. ↑ Ethnologue Entry for Maltese, 21st ed., 2018
  13. ↑ Arabic. ethnologue.com. [14 April 2018]. 

外部連結

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