阿曼达·戈尔曼
阿曼达·S·C·戈尔曼 Amanda S. C. Gorman |
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阿曼达·S·C·戈尔曼[1](英语:Amanda S. C. Gorman,1998年3月7日-),美国诗人与社会活动家,首位国家青年桂冠诗人 ,其诗作题材主要集中在压迫 、女权主义、美国种族问题、社会排斥与非裔族群上。她在2015年以17岁之龄出版诗集《为食不果腹者》(The One for Whom Food Is Not Enough)。2021年,戈尔曼在2021年美国总统就职典礼上朗读其诗作《我们攀登的山丘 》,她在典礼上朗诵的诗作赢得国际赞誉,不久之后,其诗集成为畅销书,还获得一份专业管理合同 。同年2月,戈曼获选为《时代》百大次世代领导人“奇才”之一,其简介由演员林-曼努尔·米兰达撰写[2]。
目录
早年生活和教育
戈尔曼在1998年3月7日出生于美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶[3][4],由其任职英语教师的单身母亲琼恩(Joan)独力扶养长大[5][6],并有两个兄弟姊妹[3][7][8][9],其中加布丽埃勒(Gabrielle)为其挛生姐妹,长大后成为一位社会活动家[9][10]与电影制片人[11]。戈曼表示自己在缺乏电视信号的环境下长大[12],并形容年少时的她是一位“奇怪的小孩”,在母亲的鼓励下喜爱阅读和写作[3]。
戈尔曼患有中枢听觉处理障碍 ,对声音非常敏感[3],也因此在儿时有著发音上的问题,她在此期间曾接受过言语治疗[13][14]。《哈佛克里姆森报 》的伊莉妲·科查里安(Elida Kocharian)在2018年写道:“戈尔曼并不认为自己的言语障碍是短板,而是将其视为天赋或力量”[15]。戈尔曼在同年接受《哈佛校报》的访问时称:“我一直把它(言语障碍)视作一种优势,自从有了听觉和语言上的障碍后,我变得非常擅长阅读和写作。当我在童年时意识到这回事时,我向妈妈念诵了玛丽安娜·威廉森的名句:‘我们最深的恐惧不是信心不足,而是我们强大到无可估量’”[1]。2021年,戈尔曼登上《CBS今晨》时向主播之一的安东尼·曼森 表示会用歌唱的方式舒缓自己的病情:“我最喜欢唱的歌是《汉密尔顿》的〈阿龙·伯尔,先生〉(Aaron Burr, Sir,),原因是整首歌都充满著R音,而我心想,如果我能跟上莱斯利 的节奏的话,那我就能说出诗中的R音了”[16]。
戈尔曼的K–12时段皆就读于加州圣塔莫尼卡的私立新路学校(New Roads School)[17],她在中学时获得米尔肯家庭基金会 的大学奖学金[18]。毕业后,戈尔曼前往哈佛大学修读社会学[19],期间曾在2019年到西班牙的马德里留学一个学期[20][21],后在2020年以ΦΒΚ会 会员身份学成[22][23],并获得优等拉丁文学位荣誉[24][25]。
诗人生涯
2014–15
戈尔曼的诗作题材主要集中在压迫 、女权主义、美国种族问题、社会排斥与非裔族群[26][27]。她表示自己在2013年看到诺贝尔和平奖得主马拉拉·优素福扎伊的演讲后受到启发,立志成为联合国的青年大使[28]。戈曼在隔年获选为洛杉矶首位青年桂冠诗人[29]。她在同年据报正为自己在过去两年内写的小说编修初稿,当时其年仅16岁[30]。2015年,戈尔曼的第一部诗集《为食不果腹者》(The One for Whom Food Is Not Enough)[31]。
2016–20
馆长卡拉·海登(左)、桂冠诗人崔西·K·史密斯 (中)与戈尔曼]] 戈尔曼在2016年以18岁之龄创立非营利组织“一支笔一页纸”(One Pen One Page),鼓励青年写作和发挥领导力[32][33]。隔年4月,她从五位候选人中突围而出[34],成为首位国家青年桂冠诗人[3][26][35],之后获耐克邀请为黑人运动员写诗打气[36],还与维京出版社合作,发行两本儿童向画集[37][38]。
2017年9月18日,戈尔曼成为为美国国家图书馆的文学季活动开幕的青年诗人,她在图书馆内朗读其为此活动和庆祝崔西·K·史密斯 成为桂冠诗人所作的诗《在这地方:一首美国抒情诗》(In This Place: An American Lyric)[15],全程由音乐电视网直播[12][35]。摩根图书馆与博物馆随后购得《在这地方:一首美国抒情诗》,并在2018年在伊丽莎白·毕晓普的作品附近展出[12]。此外,戈尔曼还在2017年获得媒体公司“OZY ”每年颁发的1万美元奖学金,该奖学金志在给予“追求卓越理念和革新想法”的10位大学生。她更表示希望在2036年角逐美国总统职位[39][40],随后几年亦不断提起这愿望Krueger, Hanna; Diti Kohli. Amid presidents and pop stars, poet Amanda Gorman grabs the spotlight at inauguration. The Boston Globe. 2021-01-10 [2021-01-11]. She plans on taking the oath of office herself. 'I always say the really, really long-term goal, meaning 2036, is to become president,' Gorman said in a 2017 interview with the Globe after being named the first National Youth Poet Laureate. She has repeated the hope in interviews ever since.
</ref>。被选为《魅力 》10大“2018年度大学女性”时,戈尔曼表示:“以年轻黑人女性的身份启发人们是我想在政治范畴上继续做下去的事,我想把它化做现实和行动,而不仅仅流于文笔之上”。
戈尔曼在2019年获列入《根源杂志 》的25大“青年未来人”内,成为“25位在社会正义与行动主义、艺术与文化、企业与公司创新、科学与技术和绿色创新领域表现卓越的优秀杰出非裔美国人”之一[41]。2020年5月,她在约翰·卡拉辛斯基的网路剧《一些好消息 》上与奥花·云费进行视像会谈,并为受美国COVID-19疫情而无法回校的学生发表毕业典礼演讲。同年,戈尔曼发表关于气候变化的诗作《地出》(Earthrise)[42][43]。
2021年与美国总统就职典礼
受候任第一夫人吉儿·拜登的邀请[44][45],戈尔曼在2021年1月20日的美国总统就职典礼上诵读其诗作《我们攀登的山丘 》,是美国史上最年轻的总统就职典礼诗人[46][47][48]。稍早前的1月6日,她为了回应冲击国会大厦事件而修改部分诗词[49][16]。在就职典礼的前一周,戈尔曼接受《华盛顿邮报》评论家罗恩·查尔斯(Ron Charles)的访问时表示:“我希望我的诗(《我们攀登的山丘》)在未来成为团结美国的契机 […] 凭借自己的言词,我便能为我国开创新的篇章和时代”[50]。在登台诵诗前,她向《CBS今晨》的其中一位主播安东尼·曼森说:“其中一个我会在朗诵前做的事,是对自己念一句咒语:‘我是黑人作家的女儿。我们是破牢而出并改变世界的自由斗士的后代’。这就是我为需要去完成的任务做好准备的方式”[16]。就职典礼后,前任美国国务卿与第一夫人希拉蕊·克林顿发推文表示支持戈尔曼于2036年竞逐总统职位[51]。
在总统就职典礼上颂诗后不久,戈尔曼即将于2021年9月出版[52]的两本作品《我们攀登的山丘》(诗集)和《变革在歌唱:儿童的国歌》(Change Sings: A Children's Anthem)登上亚马逊畅销书榜单的首位[52]。由奥花·云费撰写序言的实体书版《我们攀登的山丘》则在同年3月16日发行,而她即将出版的三本书的初版都将印刷一百万册[53]。2021年2月,2020年布克国际奖得主玛丽克·卢卡斯·莉涅维德 在被抨击不应由白人担任翻译后,决定辞谢将戈尔曼的诗作翻译为荷兰语的邀约[54][55]。
戈尔曼在总统就职典礼上穿著的普拉达服饰亦备受注目,模特事务所IMG Models 和其母公司威廉·莫里斯奋进不久之后便跟她签订了时尚美容方面的代理合约[56]。而Writers House和the Gang, Tyre, Ramer, Brown and Passman则分别是戈尔曼在文学和法律事务上的代理人[57]。她随后受国家美式足球联盟所托撰写一首全新的诗作,在2021年2月7日第五十五届超级碗赛前仪式上播出的介绍三位掷硬币的荣誉队长的影片中朗读[58]。《华盛顿邮报》报导指三位荣誉队长美国海军老兵詹姆斯·马丁(James Martin);老师特里梅恩·戴维斯(Trimaine Davis);以及ICU护士长苏茜·多纳(Suzie Dorner)都是必不可少的工作者[59]。在超级碗诵读其新诗作《队长们的合唱》(Chorus of the Captains)前,戈尔曼接受《滚石杂志》访问时表示:“超级碗上出现诗歌对艺术和我国而言都是一大壮举,意味著即使我们感到孤单,我们还是会富有想像力地对人际关系进行思考。
戈曼随后登上《时代杂志》2021年2月号的封面[60]。同年3月,她在被一位自己家附近的保安种族归纳后发推文称:“他没有抱歉就离开了。这就是黑人女孩要面对的现实:即使你有一天被视为榜样,但到了另一天,你便是他们的眼中钉”[61]。之后其再补充道:“就某程度而言,他是没错的。我是个威胁:对不公义、不平等和不知情的威胁。任何说真话并怀抱著希望向前走的人,对权力来说都是显而易见且具毁灭性的危险,一种光荣的威胁”[61]。
影响
戈尔曼形容自己的早期创作时表示其风格很像《绿山墙的安妮》,直至在中学接触到托妮·莫里森的作品后才“那(莫里森的作品)故事实际上是可以发生在我,或是类似的人身上的”。《纽约观察家报》在2019年写道:“在高中时,她(戈尔曼)阅读了其他黑人女性的诗歌,例如奥德雷·洛德和菲莉丝·惠特利 ,并开始写诗评论诸如交叉性女权主义和种族等社会正义问题[20]”。谈到时尚与诗歌之间的联系时,戈尔曼表示应循多门学科的角度表达自我。《时尚》在2019年指她受到马娅·安杰卢、萨塞克斯公爵夫人梅根和米歇尔·奥巴马等偶像的启发,她对此表示:“时尚为语言带来独一无二的视觉美学,当我在舞台上朗诵时,我不仅会考虑该穿著什么衣服,还会思考到底我的‘瓦干达万岁’T恤和黄色短裙会怎样诉说我诗人的身份”。
个人生活
戈曼是一位天主教徒[62],也是洛杉矶圣布丽姬天主教堂(St. Brigid Catholic Church)的成员[63]。她在拜登就职典礼的隔天登上《詹姆斯·柯登深夜秀》时称柯登是其“有史以来最喜欢的人”[64]。Urban Word NYC的执行董事麦可·切雷尔利(Michael Cirelli)称她是一位“精力充沛的人”,并打趣表示其“个人简介每隔两周便会过期”[15]。在2014年,戈尔曼据报希望成为一位人权倡导者[30]。
获得荣誉与头衔
作品
诗集
- The One for Whom Food Is Not Enough. Urban Word LA. 2015. ISBN 978-0-9900122-9-0.
- Taylor, Keren (编). Candy Cane"; "Poetry Is. You are here : the WriteGirl journey. Los Angeles: WriteGirl Publications. 2013: 210; 281. ISBN 978-0-98370812-4. OCLC 868918187.
- The Hill We Climb: Poems. Viking Books for Young Readers. 2021. ISBN 978-0-593-46506-6. OCLC 1232185776.
- The Hill We Climb: An Inaugural Poem for the Country. Viking Books for Young Readers. 2021. ISBN 978-0-593-46527-1. OCLC 1232234825.
- Change Sings: A Children's Anthem. Viking Books for Young Readers. 2021. ISBN 978-0-593-20322-4. OCLC 1232149089.
声音书
- Change Sings: A Children's Anthem, 2021, Audible. (ISBN 0593203224). 10 mins.
- The Hill We Climb and Other Poems, 2021, Audible. (ISBN 059346527X). 1 hr.
文章
- "How Poetry Gave Me a Voice". November 21, 2014. The Huffington Post. ISSN 2369-3452.
- "Touching a Diverse Audience: A Conversation With Author Sharon G. Flake". January 30, 2015. The Huffington Post. ISSN 2369-3452.
- "Meet Laya DeLeon Hayes, Voice Of Doc McStuffins". August 9, 2016. The Huffington Post. ISSN 2369-3452.
- "Poetry, Purpose, and Path: An Interview with Los Angeles Poet Laureate Luis Rodriquez" [sic]. August 9, 2016. The Huffington Post. ISSN 2369-3452.
- "Native People Are Taking Center Stage. Finally.". November 17, 2018. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 .
- "I'm Not Here to Answer Your Black History Month Questions". February 13, 2019. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
参考资料
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Walsh, Colleen. The poetic perspective. The Harvard Gazette. 2018-10-04 [2021-01-22].
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Miranda, Lin-Manuel. 2021 TIME100 Next: Amanda Gorman. Time. 2021-02-17 [2021-02-17].
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Hassan, Adeel. A Young Poet's Inspiration. The New York Times. 2018-02-28 [2018-04-30]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2018-02-28) (美国英语).
- ↑ Coke, Hope. Meet Amanda Gorman: The gifted young poet who shot to fame after her starring role in Biden's inauguration. Tatler. 2021-01-21 [2021-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-30).
- ↑ 6th Grade Humanities – Dr. Joan Wicks – Alliance Jack H. Skirball Middle School. www.skirballmiddle.org. [2021-01-25].
- ↑ Ballard, Elise. Amanda Gorman Was Mentored by a "Positive Community of Women Writers" Before Her Inaugural Moment. The Hollywood Reporter. 2021-01-27 [2021-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-28).
- ↑ Engelmayer, Caroline S. Harvard Sophomore Chosen as First Youth Poet Laureate | News | The Harvard Crimson. www.thecrimson.com. 2017-09-18 [2018-04-30] (英语).
- ↑ Astrid. Meet Amanda Gorman, the L.A. Native Who Is the First National Youth Poet Laureate. L.A. TACO. 2018-03-22 [2018-04-30] (美国英语).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Meet the First Youth Poet Laureate. NBC Learn. [2018-04-30].
- ↑ Rodriguez-Cayro, Kyli. These Twin Sisters Have A Powerful Message About Making Sure Your Resistance Includes All Women. Bustle. 2018-01-18 [2018-04-30] (英语).
- ↑ Larsen, Peter. Los Angeles native Amanda Gorman will be youngest poet to read at presidential inauguration. The Orange County Register. 2021-01-20 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Hawkins, Khaliha. America's First Youth Poet Laureate Amanda Gorman on the Power of Young Women. Glamour. 2018-06-04 [2018-06-29] (英语).
- ↑ Gorman, Amanda. How Poetry Gave Me a Voice. Huffington Post. 2014-11-21 [2018-06-29] (美国英语).
- ↑ Breslow, Jason. 'History Has Its Eyes On Us.' Poet Amanda Gorman Seeks Right Words For Inauguration. Morning Edition (NPR). 2021-01-19 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Kocharian, Elida. American Lyricist. The Harvard Crimson. 2018-02-01 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Amanda Gorman makes history as youngest known inaugural poet. CBS News. 2021-01-21 [2021-02-01].
- ↑ 16 Alumna and US Youth Poet Laureate Presents Poem at Library of Congress. Newroads.org. 2017-09-14.
- ↑ Goodman, Jeff. Santa Monica students win Milken scholarships. Santa Monica Daily Press. 2016-07-14 [2016-07-14] (美国英语).
- ↑ Flood, Alison. Amanda Gorman will be youngest poet to recite at a presidential inauguration. The Guardian. 2021-01-19 [2021-01-19] (英语).
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Radin, Sara. The First Youth Poet Laureate, Amanda Gorman Wants You to Know Her Work Goes Beyond Words. Observer.com. 2019-04-09 [2019-03-16].
- ↑ IES Abroad Madrid Alum Amanda Gorman Shares Her Study Abroad Story. IES Abroad. 2021-01-22 [2021-03-16].
- ↑ Phi Beta Kappa Member Amanda Gorman. The Phi Beta Kappa Society. [2021-01-31].
- ↑ Fernanda Baron and Amanda Gorman Elected to Senior PBK May 2020. Department of Sociology. Harvard University. 2021-01-21 [2021-01-31].
- ↑ Wordsmith. Change-maker. Amanda Gorman. [2021-01-21].
- ↑ Amanda Gorman. Poetry Foundation. [2021-01-21].
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Hassan, Adeel. A Coda to Black History Month. The New York Times. 2018-02-28 [2018-04-30]. ISSN 0362-4331 (美国英语).
- ↑ Petronzio, Matt. Watch the first-ever U.S. youth poet laureate perform a stunning poem about social change. Mashable. 2017-09-17 [2018-04-30] (英语).
- ↑ Hawgood, Alex. How Amanda Gorman Became the Nation's First Youth Poet Laureate. The New York Times. 2017-11-03 [2018-04-30]. ISSN 0362-4331 (美国英语).
- ↑ Sonksen, Mike. Mentoring the Next Generation of L.A. Letters. KCET. 2015-04-24 [2018-04-30] (英语).
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Thomson, Hilary. Writes of Passage. Trek (University of British Columbia). 2014-05-27 [2021-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-03).
- ↑ Eppolito, Sophia. A young poet for whom words are not enough. The Boston Globe. 2017-09-21 [2018-04-30].
- ↑ Gilpin, Caroline Crosson. Do You Read or Write Poetry?. The New York Times. 2017-11-07 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ Gender Letter: All the Poetry That's Fit to Print. The New York Times. 2018-04-26 [2018-04-30]. ISSN 0362-4331 (美国英语).
- ↑ Charles, Ron. New U.S. Poet Laureate Tracy K. Smith reports for duty. The Washington Post. 2017-09-14 [2018-04-30]. ISSN 0190-8286 (美国英语).
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Eppolito, Sophia. Harvard's Amanda Gorman first youth poet to open Library of Congress literary season. The Boston Globe. 2017-09-18 [2018-04-30].
- ↑ Italie, Hillel. Meet Amanda Gorman, the 22-year-old poet chosen to read at the inauguration of Joe Biden. baltimoresun.com. 2021-01-15 [2021-01-17].
- ↑ Italie, Hillel. Poet Amanda Gorman, 22, Will Read at Biden's Inauguration. Time. 2021-01-15 [2021-01-17].
- ↑ Poet and former Youth Laureate Amanda Gorman has book deal. The Boston Globe. Associated Press. 2019-07-11 [2021-01-17] (美国英语).
- ↑ Sheppard, Elena. America's 20-year-old youth poet laureate won't let 'small-minded prejudice' stop her. Yahoo!. 2018-05-29 [2018-06-29] (美国英语).
- ↑ Barajas, Julia. How a 22-year-old L.A. native became Biden's inauguration poet. Los Angeles Times. 2021-01-17 [2021-01-22] (美国英语).
- ↑ 2019 Young Futurists: For These 25 Game Changers, the Future Is Now. The Root. 2019-03-27 [2021-01-26].
- ↑ Countdown, Ted. 'Earthrise' poem dares us to dream a different reality. Race to Zero. 2020-10-25 [2021-01-21] (英语).
- ↑ Holthaus, Eric. Amanda Gorman, the climate poet for our time. thephoenix.substack.com. 2021-01-15 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ Alter, Alexandra. Amanda Gorman, a 22-year-old poet, asks 'Where can we find light?' in Inauguration Day recitation.. The New York Times. 2021-01-20 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ Neumann, Sean. Amanda Gorman, 22, Will Be the Youngest Poet to Read at an Inauguration Day Ceremony. PEOPLE.com. 2021-01-15 [2021-01-17] (英语).
- ↑ Presidential Inaugural Committee Announces Participants in the 59th Inaugural Ceremonies. bideninaugural.org. 2021-01-14.
- ↑ Gabbatt, Adam. 'An inspiration to us all': Amanda Gorman's inaugural poem stirs hope and awe. The Guardian. 2021-01-20 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ Shalal, Andrea. Poet Amanda Gorman, 22, captures 'bruised, but whole' U.S. at Biden, Harris inauguration. Reuters. 2021-01-20 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ Inskeep, Steve. 'History Has Its Eyes On Us.' Poet Amanda Gorman Seeks Right Words For Inauguration. NPR. 2021-01-19 [2021-01-19]. Transcript of interview.
- ↑ Wang, Amy B; Merry, Stephanie. Amanda Gorman reads poem 'The Hill We Climb' at Biden inauguration. The Washington Post. 2021-01-20 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ Amanda Gorman: Inauguration poet calls for 'unity and togetherness'. BBC News. 2021-01-10 [2021-01-11].
Hillary Clinton tweeted that Gorman had promised to run for president in 2036 and added: 'I for one can't wait.'
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Evelyn, Kenya. Amanda Gorman books top bestselling lists after soul-stirring inaugural poem. The Guardian. 2021-01-21 [2021-01-21].
- ↑ Italie, Hillel. Interest continues to grow in inaugural poet Amanda Gorman. Associated Press. 2021-01-28 [2021-01-28].
- ↑ Dutch poet declines assignment to translate Gorman’s works. Associated Press. 2021-02-26 [2021-02-28].
- ↑ Michallon, Clémence. Dutch writer Marieke Lucas Rijneveld steps down from assignment to translate Amanda Gorman’s work. The Independent. 2021-02-26.
- ↑ Saad, Nardine. Amanda Gorman signs with IMG Models, but we all know it's the presidency she's after. Los Angeles Times. 2021-01-26.
- ↑ Gardner, Chris. Inaugural Poet Amanda Gorman Signs With IMG Models. The Hollywood Reporter. 2021-01-25 [2021-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-30).
- ↑ Garrand, Danielle. Inaugural poet Amanda Gorman to perform original piece at Super Bowl. CBS News. 2021-01-28 [2021-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-29).
- ↑ McGuire, Nneka. Amanda Gorman clearly has talent. But there's more to her meteoric rise.. The Washington Post. 2021-02-08 [2021-02-08].
- ↑ Mansoor, Sanya. The Story Behind TIME's Amanda Gorman Cover. Time. 2021-02-03 [2021-02-16].
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Amanda Gorman says she was racially profiled near her home. Associated Press. 2021-03-05 [2021-03-07].
- ↑ Jones, Kevin. Amanda Gorman, inaugural poet for Biden, has history of abortion advocacy. Catholic News Agency. 2021-01-27 [2021-01-31] (英语).
- ↑ Molina, Alejandra. At poet Amanda Gorman's Black Catholic LA parish, 'it's like everybody here is a freedom fighter'. Los Angeles Daily News. Mercury News, Bay Area News Group. 2021-01-29 [2021-02-01].
- ↑ Murphy, Chris. Amanda Gorman Geeking Out Over James Corden Won Late Night This Week. Vulture (New York). 2021-01-22 [2021-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-27).
- ↑ 2014 Inaugural LA Youth Poet Laureate: Amanda Gorman. Urban Word LA. 2014-06-24 –通过YouTube.
- ↑ Tyson, Lily; Meghna Chakrabarti. First National Youth Poet Laureate On Poetry And Politics. wbur.org. Radio Boston. 2018-02-26 [2021-02-09].
- ↑ Morad, Renee. And th winner is .... OZY. 2017-04-05 [2021-02-09].
- ↑ Couser, Montana. Glamour Magazine's College Women of Year Make It Clear: We Should All Be Fighting for Change. The Root. 2018-06-15 [2021-02-09].
- ↑ The Root Staff. 2019 Young Futurists: For These 25 Game Changers, the Future Is Now. The Root. 2019-03-27 [2021-02-09].
外部连结
- "'Unity With Purpose.' Amanda Gorman and Michelle Obama Discuss Art, Identity and Optimism". Interview with Michelle Obama, Time, February 4, 2021.